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| 450-350 BCE) a collection of ancient Greek medical texts, numerous authors, centuries of work associated with the physician Hippocrates and his teachings. Hippocrates’ contemporaries in order: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Empedocles. |
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| (450 BCE - late 1800s) major theoretical model until the end of the 19th century (1800s) - leaves out religion. 4 elements: earth (dry), air (moist), fire (hot), and water (cold). The body has four important fluids or humors- blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile; each one was associated with a season as well. Attempts to balance the four humors to achieve equilibrium. |
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| attempted to balance the four humors. |
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| arising from without or from outside. |
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| meaning arising from within the population. |
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| 16th - late 18th century (1500s- 1700s) an economic doctrine that government control of foreign trade is paramount for ensuring the military security of the country; it demands a positive balance of trade. Consists of high tariffs, colonization, monopolizing markets, regulating colonial export and import. This describes trade in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans where groups of merchants formed royally-granted monopolies on specific goods such as sugar, slaves, or timber. (Triangular trade in the Atlantic Ocean). |
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| following Columbus’ voyage to the Americas in 1492 - widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), disease, and ideas between the Americas in the west and Europe, Africa, and Asia in the east. |
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| held that the origin of epidemics was due to miasma, pollution emanating from rotting organic matter. The theory was eventually displaced in the 19th century (1800s) by the discovery of germs and the germ theory of disease. |
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| (1763) Germ Warfare - British General Lord Amherst - Siege of Fort Pitt in present day Pittsburgh was an effort by American Indians to drive the British out of the Ohio Country - blankets with smallpox were given to Indians after the Delaware Indians pledged to renew their friendship. |
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| smallpox inoculation/ Arm-to-Arm Inoculation |
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| (late 1700s- early 1800s) crude method of infecting people with the disease to form a milder form of the disease (before vaccinations). |
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| (1796) The original vaccine for smallpox as reported on by Edward Jenner. |
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| (1749-1823) English physician who pioneered the smallpox vaccine. He observed that milkmaids had cowpox and never got smallpox. (move from inoculation to vaccination) vacca- latin for cow. |
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| year of epidemic yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia. |
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| the yellow fever mosquito, that can spread yellow fever virus and other diseases |
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| Developed by Dr. Samuel Thompson; claims the body is made of four elements (earth, air, fire, water) and should be treated with herb and vegetable medicines only; allowed each person to be their "own" physician so it became a popular method in the early 19th century (Jacksonian America) |
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| (1746 - 1813) Founding Father. Practiced Heroic medicine. Emphasized bloodletting (phlebotomy) as key to treating disease. It was a moral obligation to actively intervene through bloodletting. The American man was a man of ACTION |
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| Early medicine as a "cottage industry". No uniformity of practice, lots of competition. Bloodletting was key. |
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| any condition that enhances the specific cause of a disease, such as susceptibility caused by hereditary or life-style factors |
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| the first written records of an outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494 or 1495 in Naple, Italy, during a French invasion. Due to it being spread by returning French troops, it was initially known as the "French Disease". |
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| In 1530, the name "syphilis" was first used by the Italian physician and poet. |
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| (1854 - 1915) German physician and scientist who worked in the fields of immunology and chemotherapy. |
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| First effective treatment for syphilis- Developed by Ehrlich |
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| a practice of Ehrlich - to make a compound that selectively targeted disease-causing organism - could then deliver a toxin for that organism. |
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| a special medical physician who saw those who had the plague, specifically hired by towns that had many plague victims in times of epidemics. Treated both rich and poor alike. |
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| an abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall, which may interfere with normal breathing |
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| (1800 - 1890) 19th century century English social reformer, noted for his work to reform the Poor Laws and improve sanitary conditions and public health (cholera era) |
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| Swan neck flask experiment |
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| Louis Pasteur, filled s shaped flask with broth, and boiled to kill microorganisms. Flask prevented new microorganisms from falling into the broth. Disproved Spontaneous generation |
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| first form of Health care resort culture. Started by Tradeau. People would "take the the cure" by sitting around and eating high calorie meals |
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| Edwin Chadwick was a proponent. With urbanization the streets were filled with filth. Seen as a solution to the threat posed by the "dangerous classes" - Europe mid 19th century |
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| wrote a letter about the proper management of measles in 1739 Boston. Proponent of smallpox inoculation |
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| aka leprosy. named after physician Gerhard Hansen. Leprosy is a progressive degenerative disease causing skin lesions and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs and eyes |
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| Hawaiian island. In 19th early 20th c. was one of the most famous leprosy colonies. The Molokai lepers exemplified the dualistic conceptualization of lepers, of the need to segregate and stigmatize lepers, and of the need by Christian missionaries (Father Damien), to provide care and religious treatment to lepers |
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| The "English Hippocrates" |
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| Physician Thomas Sydenham (mid 1600's). He became the undisputed master of the English medical world and was known as 'The English Hippocrates’. Among his many achievements was the discovery of a disease, Sydenham's Chorea. |
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| Roman Catholic Priest from Belgium and missionary to lepers of Molokai, who had been placed under government sanctioned medical quarantine |
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| America after Jackson's election in 1828. Consisted of laissez faire government |
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| 1600's French philosopher. IN "Treatise of Man" he described the body as a machine and the relationship of the soul and body as mediated by the brain and nervous system. Blood produces "animal spirits" in the brain which control the body. |
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| Destruction or inhibition of microorganisms; uses chemical solutions for disinfection |
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| The absence of infectious organisms; involves the use of sterile instruments and gloves |
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| 1822-1895 French chemist and microbiologist. Created first vaccines for rabies and anthrax and his theories supported the germ theory. He discovered pasteurization |
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| Origin of city sanitation. Men would scoop refuse from the streets at night |
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| Gay-related immune deficiency wa the 1982 name proposed to describe what is now known as AIDS and scientist found cluster of it in gay communities in San Fran and NYC |
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| Major Mortality Transition |
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| Transition from death caused by infectious diseases to chronic diseases. Demographics were defined by disease of the 19th and early 20th century - High birth rates and high death rates. Theories for Cause: Public Health, Immunity, Standard of Living, Change in Virulence of disease |
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| 1918-1919. Different from other flues because it affected healthy adults, not young, weak, or elderly |
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| Bavarian hygienist and chemist. Proponent of the "groundwater theory" |
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| Angel of Death: SS officer and physician at Auschwitz. |
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| a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection; such as smoking and lung cancer |
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| 1897-1991. English epidemiologist and statistician - pioneered the randomized clinical trial - first to demostrate the connection between smoking and lung cancer |
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| 1849-1854. On the Mode and Communication of Cholera. Used statistics to show relationship between the water system and the outbreak of cholera |
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| site of cholera outbreak in 1854. studied by John Snow and led to the improvement of sanitation systems. |
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| developed 1906; antibody test for syphilis. not used today because it also had a positive reaction to malaria, TB, and others |
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| the viewpoint that laws of nature operate in the universe as opposed to supernatural laws/beings; everything exists through nature |
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| Registrar-General of Great Britain |
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| required birth dates and death certificates stating cause of death. William worked in the department during the choelra outbreak and aided Snow by graphing process his stats |
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| Registrar-General of Great Britain |
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| required birth dates and death certificates stating cause of death. William worked in the department during the choelra outbreak and aided Snow by graphing process his stats |
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| British Physician, chemist, and microscopist, know for work in public health and food safety. Writings contributed to study on cholera |
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| economic theory in which public revenue is the sole measure of national prosperity |
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| 1890's-1920's. Change/reform in response to modernization in America; led by middle class reformers and focused on easing the suffering of the urban poor. |
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| the process by which conditions and problems become medical conditions thatcan be studied, diagnosed, treated, and/or prevented. |
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