Term
|
Definition
| What happened in this revolution affected the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leader of France who ruled before the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
1. His love and celebration of himself
2. Creation of Versailles
3. Getting himself and France into a number of unnecessary wars (all of which he lost, causing France to fall into an economic mess) |
|
Definition
| Three major things Louis XIV was known for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote Leviathan, which expressed the ideas of absolutism and the ruling of society |
|
|
Term
1. Absolutism
2. The best way for society to be governed
3. High-powered individual who would rule entirely for the people (but would maintain absolute control) |
|
Definition
| Three topics covered in Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Man who argued the opposite of Hobbes, saying that the "Social Contract" involved a relationship between the government and the people; people should select their government and give up a small part of their freedom for this security |
|
|
Term
1. Relationship between the government and the governed
2. People gave up a small part of their freedom by electing government officials to serve in their best interests
3. Government must promise to serve in the best interests of the people, and if they didn't, the people had the right to dispose of them |
|
Definition
| Three ideas of John Locke's "Social Contract" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of French people meeting in secrecy to illegally discuss and idea or document, and complain and plot against the government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Famous author who became of the underground movement of The Salon |
|
|
Term
| Frederick the Great (Prussia) |
|
Definition
| Accomplished flautist and composer who was close friends with Voltaire; said that the "mob does not deserve to be enlightened," meaning that the lower levels of society should not play a part in reforming the society of France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Man who also talked about the Social Contract, said that "man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"; talked about the "General Will" of the people, and believed that the dominant force in human affairs is not the monarch, it's the people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promoted and contributed to "Le Encyclopedia," a collection of material organized on every subject alphabetically on every subject imaginable and written by experts, promoted human capability and the ability to make changes; spread information and knowledge to all people |
|
|
Term
| "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" |
|
Definition
| Quote of Benjamin Franklin's that became the slogan for enlightenment revolutionaries |
|
|
Term
1. First
2. Second
3. Third |
|
Definition
| Three components of the pre-revolution Estates-General, which was the French Societal System under Louis XVI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The French societal system arranged under Louis XVI |
|
|
Term
| The clergy, under 150,000 people |
|
Definition
| First Estate under the Estates-General of Louis XVI |
|
|
Term
| The nobility, under 250,000 people |
|
Definition
| Second Estate of the Estates-general under Louis XVI |
|
|
Term
| The rest of the population, some 2 million people (mostly Bourgeoisie and lawyers) |
|
Definition
| The Third Estate in the Estates-General under Louis XVI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One aspect that all the Estates in the Estates-General agreed upon in the meeting of 1789 |
|
|
Term
| Increased tension between the peasants and the monarchy |
|
Definition
| Feudalism's role in society during the pre-revolution era |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time period when everything was going to hell for the French monarchy before Revolution started |
|
|
Term
| Tennis Court Oath of the National Assembly |
|
Definition
| Major event of 1789 having to do with the Third Estate getting shut out of delegations with the First and Second Estates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The new name for the Third Estate when it split from the First and Second Estates of the Estates-General system of France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Event that takes place on July 14, 1789 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Date of the Storming of the Bastille that in many peoples' opinions, was the beginning of the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The event that Wyneken believes to be the event marking the beginning of the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This spreads thoughout France as people became terrified of the monarchy's possible punishment for the Storming of the Bastille and the rioting that followed |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
|
Definition
| The French equivalent to the US Constitution, created by the Third Estate that says the ability to move up in society should be determined by merit and work, not by birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Event that made Louis XVI return to France |
|
|
Term
1. French Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution |
|
Definition
| The modern history of Europe began with these two major revolutions, or transformations |
|
|
Term
| John Locke's theory of revolution |
|
Definition
| What the Declaration of Independence was most influenced by |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treaty that recognized the independence of the American colonies and granted them control over the Western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The embodiment of the Enlightenment's political dreams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group formed by Lafayette, a French general in the American Revolution, which was influential in the early stages of the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Document posed to help the French monarchy regain its previous command and control; was posed by Austria and Prussia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ordinary patriots without fine clothes; were radical revolutionists during the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Date of the Execution of Louis XVI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A point of extreme tension in the French Revolution, not too much exciting happens, but this year sets up everything else that takes place in the rest of the Revolution |
|
|
Term
1. Many of the people supporting the Old Regime were leaving
2. The people filling the empty government positions were young and professionally trained in some sort, meaning that they were more and more radical |
|
Definition
| In 1791 many people are leaving France; why is this important? |
|
|
Term
1. A constitutional monarchy is established
2. Creates a legislative assembly
3. Estate system is abolished |
|
Definition
| Three things that happened when France created a new constitution in 1791 |
|
|
Term
| France declares war on Austria in April 1792 |
|
Definition
| Result of the Declaration of Pillnitz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The civic militia that takes control of Paris and eventually attacks the Legislative Assembly, depose of the king, and call for a National Convention in 1792 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group that decides on a new government in France, composed of a group of radicals; decides on granting universal suffrage for all males |
|
|
Term
1. Girondins
2. Mountains |
|
Definition
| Two radical groups that composed the National Convention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more conservative of the two groups composing the National Convention; not sure what to do about the king, wanted to possibly use him as a bargaining chip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more radical of the two groups composing the National Convention; "time to put up or shut up," in favor of killing the king for treason agains the people, prove that "we mean business" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group that seizes the National Convention and executes them all in the summer of 1793 |
|
|
Term
| The Public Safety Committee |
|
Definition
| Group formed by the Paris Commune to protect the Revolution and headed by Robespierre |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that took over France in the mid to late 1790s and helped to bring the country together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What Robespierre called his regime during the Reign of Terror |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meant to streamline the Revolution and eventually reshaped France; changed the clergy, de-Christianized the entire country, no more Christian holidays, Notre Dame became the Temple of Reason, street and food names are changed |
|
|
Term
1. Revamping of the clergy
2. De-Christianized the entire country
3. No more Christian holidays and a brand-new calendar
4. Street names and food names are changed |
|
Definition
| Four examples how the Reign of Terror changed France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small town lawyer who moved to Paris as a member of the Estates-General, and soon became all-consumed with the Revolution and the Reign of Terror; was eventually executed by guillotine himself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New name given to Notre Dame during the Reign of Terror and the de-Christianization of the nation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saves the National Convention from a Parisian mob |
|
Definition
| Why Napoleon becomes a national name in 1795 |
|
|
Term
| There is no longer an emphasis on nobility, meaning that normal people could come to power |
|
Definition
| How Napoleon was able to come to power in France after the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
| Executive power separated into three consuls, with Napoleon as the First Consul |
|
Definition
| How Napoleon arranged the government under him |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agreement that re-established the Catholic church in France, but was arranged with great calculation by Napoleon |
|
|
Term
| Civil Code (or Napoleonic Code) |
|
Definition
Preserved most of the revolutionary gains by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, the right of individuals to choose their professions, religious toleration, and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism; had some limitations regarding women and marriage; arranged by Napoleon during his reign |
|
|
Term
1. The French Empire
2. A series of dependent states (Spain, The Netherlands, Italy, etc)
3. Allied states (Prussia, Austria, Russia) |
|
Definition
| Three components of Napoleon's Grand Empire |
|
|
Term
1. Great Britain
2. Force of nationalism |
|
Definition
| Two reasons why Napoleon's reign of France fell apart so quickly |
|
|
Term
| Invasion of Russia in 1812 |
|
Definition
| The event that marked the beginning of Napoleon's downfall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where Napoleon was exiled to after his failure to defeat Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bourbon ruler who was restored to the monarchy after Napoleon's exile to Elba |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small, foresaken island that Napoleon eventually was exiled to for the rest of his life after his short comeback to power in France |
|
|
Term
1. Tribunate
2. Legislative body
3. Senate |
|
Definition
| Three governmental bodies in Napoleon's new order |
|
|
Term
1. Reduces the tax burden
2. Understood that military was the key
3. Won over the Catholic Church
4. Established nationalism in his citizens |
|
Definition
| Four reasons why Napoleon "gets away" with all his shenanigans during his reign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Battle in which Great Britain sinks the entire French Army, and this is the first time the French fleet has been defeated in 6 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Problems with this country lead to the beginning of the fall of Napoleon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leader of Russia who eventually refuses to accept the arrangement of the Continental System |
|
|
Term
| If Napoleon allowed Russia to rebel, other nations (namely Spain) could follow its lead and rebel against France, meaning that Napoleon would have a major problem on his hands |
|
Definition
| Why did Napoleon invade Russia? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Napoleon's idea to bring down Great Britain through embargo |
|
|
Term
1. Civil equality
2. Property Law
3. process of European modernization
4. Mortal blow to monarchical legitimacy |
|
Definition
| Four main benefits of Napoleon's legacy |
|
|
Term
1. Insatiable taste for war (leading to many deaths and exploitation)
2. Loss of fundamental political freedoms
3. Repressive social hierarchy under the centralized state
|
|
Definition
| Three main negatives of Napoleon's legacy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This battle marks the first time Napoleon and the French army sees and fights against the Russian Army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Battle against the Russians that dealt Napoleon a great loss, all areas of French control were lost, and Napoleon was forced to abdicate when the troops invaded France |
|
|
Term
1. Great Britain
2. Russia
3. Prussia
4. Austria |
|
Definition
| The "Quadruple Alliance" that restores the Bourbon monarchy back to France |
|
|
Term
| Prince Klemens von Metternich |
|
Definition
| Austrian foreign minister who became known as the "voice of conservatism" after Napoleon had fallen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Idea developed by Metternich that sought to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thought process that favored obedience to political authority, believed that organized religion was crucial to social order, hated revolutionary upheavals, and refused to accept liberal demands for civil liberties and representative governments or the nationalistic aspirations generated by the French Revolutionary era |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed to crush any revolution by the Quadriple Alliance, carried out the prinicple of intervention, which said that arms could be taken against rebellious nations to re-establish order and peace |
|
|
Term
1. Chamber of Peers
2. Chamber of Deputies |
|
Definition
| Components of the bicameral legislature developed under Louis XVIII |
|
|
Term
| Count of Artoris, or Charles X |
|
Definition
| Person who took Louis XVIII's place when he died in 1814 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The 14 month time period (and only time) that France was at complete peace during Napoleon's reign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The name of the get-together where nations came together to discuss what to do with France and Napoleon after his fall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another name for the Concert of Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The juggernaut of the 19th century |
|
|
Term
1. Nationalism
2. Liberalism
3. Socialism
4. Conservatism
5. Romanticism
6. Darwinism |
|
Definition
| Six important "isms" of the 19th century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stated that people should be as free from restraint as possible in society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concept of laissez-faire, the belief that the state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces, especially supply and demand |
|
|
Term
1. Defense of the country
2. Police protection of individuals
3. Construction and maintenance of works too expensive for individuals to undertake |
|
Definition
| Three activities that Economic Liberalism limited government to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liberalist who said that populations increase at a geometric rate while food supply increases at a much slower arithmetic rate; the result is severe overpopulation and starvation, the law of nature leads to misery and poverty, it is inevitable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "The iron law of wages,"; increases in population means more workers, which then causes wages to fall, leading to starvation and death, decreasing the population. Then the cycle starts all over again. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of beliefs include the protection of civil liberties, such as equality before the law, freedom of assembly, spech, and the press, separation of church and state, and limited suffrage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A powerful ideology for change in the 19th century, being part of a community that has common traditions, institutions, language, and customs; the community becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small model communities that served as experiments for utopian socialism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Utopian socialist who proposed the idea of phalansteries |
|
|
Term
1. Private property
2. Competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism |
|
Definition
| Two things utopian socialists were against |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A British cotton manufacturer who believed humans would reveal their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment; a utopian socialist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A utopian socialist who believed that social problems could be solved by government assistance; promoted the establishment of workshops that would manufacture goods for public sale, the people would own and work in the workshops but the government would finance them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of edicts made by Charles X that imposed new rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate, leading to the July Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| King who took control after the July Revolution kicked Charles X out of kingship |
|
|
Term
1. The Party of Movement (lead by Adolfe Thiers, and favored change)
2. The Party of Resistance (lead by Francois Guizot, and believed the government was in its perfect state, and stood behind Louis-Phillipe) |
|
Definition
| The two legislative/governmental parties under Louis-Phillipe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act that recognized the changes in life brought about by the Industrial Revolution; repositioned cities and towns so that they had voice in the government, paid to vote, though it was a step in the right direction; took place in Great Britain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Law made in Great Britain saying that benefitting the poor would only make them continue to not work and be useless, so they chose to make the lives of the paupers so wretched that they would choose to work |
|
|
Term
| Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte |
|
Definition
| Became president of France in 1848, and would become Emperor Napoleon in four years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first major contribution to an organized society in Great Britain and later all of Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Created by James Watt in the 1780s, and was a major contributor to the Industrial Revolution; runs longer, produces more, prices are forced down, excess labor is created |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Created by Eli Whitney in 1794, another major contributor to the Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starts out as a novelty, but becomes the centerpiece of industry, social life, and European life in general; shortens the time in which things could be done, connected cities, transported goods, cut down on costs and maximized profits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Created by Robert Fulton and revolutionized water travel during the Industrial revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote The Wealth of Nations with the idea of lassiez-faire and the creation of the "invisible hand" in the playing of the markets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With his steel company he created one of the largest production companies in the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital with the help of his partner Friedrich Engels; said that the lowest class would overthrow the bourgeiosie and create a classless society |
|
|
Term
1. Shift from a traditional, labor-intensive economy based on farming and handcrafts
2. To a more capital-intensive, economy based on manufactuing by machines, specialized labor, and industrial factories |
|
Definition
| Describe the pre-Industrial Revolution characteristics to the characteristics of the Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
| Began in Great Britain sometime during the 1750s |
|
Definition
| Where and when did the industrial revolution begin? |
|
|
Term
1. Agricultural revolution of the 18th century
2. Supply of capital
3. Early industrial entrepreneurs
4. Mineral resources
5. Role of the government (stable and passed laws protecting private property)
6. Markets |
|
Definition
| Six factors that contributed to the beginning stages of the Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
1. Belgium
2. France
3. German states |
|
Definition
| Three major centers of Continental Industrialization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the most heated and debated topics during the entire Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The man who came up with the idea of national trade unions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first important political movement of working men organized during the 19th century; its aim was to achieve political democracy |
|
|
Term
1. The Factory Act of 1833
2. The Ten Hours Act of 1847
3. The Coal Mines Act of 1842 |
|
Definition
| Three examples of factory legislation in the Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| History is determined by this, according to Marx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The history of society is of this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Man who came up with the idea of capitalism, that everyone should do things for themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most powerful social influence in the 19th century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Robert Owen came up with this type of societal system |
|
|
Term
| Scientific or Radical Socialism |
|
Definition
| The societal system proposed and supported by Marx and Engels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Man who created the idea of evolutionary socialism; believed in the rights of strikes and trade unions, but rejected the idea of violent revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of social system supported by Edward Bernstein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human beings, and in particular, social groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| His scientific discoveries and the application of them changed not only biology, but also the way people lived; purified drinking materials, identifying diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Worked in solving the mysteries of cholera and tuberculosis and develops the modern notions of the vaccine with the help of Pasteur's previous research |
|
|
