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| the acquisition and administration of colonial areas, usually in the interests of the administering country. |
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| Finiancial demands placed on loser nations |
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| The Bill passed by the German Reichstag that legitimated Bismarck's unconsitutional collection of taxes to modernize the army in 1863 |
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| a list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read |
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| the emphasis on the unique and creative personality. |
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| papal pardon for remission of sins |
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| A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonement and execution |
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| The period of Comwellian rule (1649-1660) btwn the Stuart dynastic rules of Charles I and Charles II |
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| The dominant group in the National Convention in 1793 who replaced the girondins. It was headed by Robespiere |
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| (1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. |
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| (1685-1688) Final Stuart monarch; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy |
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| (1883-1969) German existentialist seeing all people as equally co-pacifist ideals at the start of WWI |
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| (1859-1914) French revisionist socialist who was assassinated for his pacifist ideals at the start of World War I |
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| Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism |
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| (1928) Document, signed by fifteen natns, that condemned and renounced war as an instrument of national policy |
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| (1894-1971) Soviet leader who denounced Stalin's rule and brought a temporary thaw to the superpwers relations |
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| (1505-1572) Calvinist leader in 1500s Scotland |
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| an independent and propertied Russian farmer. The name of the minority. |
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| Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with the Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies |
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| The British Party that replaced the Liberals in the early 1900s and championed greater social equality for the wrking class through the efforts of labour unions. |
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| The economic concept of the Scottish philosophe Adam Smith (1723-1790) In opposistion to mercantilism, the government's role in the economy was one of non-interference. |
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| (1835-1864) Leader of the revisionist socialists, who hoped to achieve socialism through the ballot rather than the bullet. Revisionists agreed to work within the framework of the existing government. |
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| (1929) Pact that provided recognition by Mussolini of the Vatican and a large sum of money to the church as well. |
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| the fixing of prices on bread and other essential under Robespierre's rule. |
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| A proposal included in Wilson's Fourteen Points to establish and international organisation to settle dispute and avoid future wars. |
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| (1870-1924) The Bolshevik leader who made the Marxist revolution in November 1917 and modified orthodox marxism in doing so. |
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| The creation, under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare. |
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| Formerly the Whig Party, headed by Gladstone in the 1800s |
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| (1925) Pact that secured the frontier btwn Goermany and France and Germany and Belgium. It also provided for mutual assistance by France and Italy if German invaded its border countries. |
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| (1632-1704) Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property. His most important works are Two Treaties on Government and Essay on Human Understanding. |
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| (1643-1715) Also known as the 'Sun King' the ruler of France who established the supremacy of absolutism in 1600s Europe |
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| (1808-1873) Nephew of Napoleon I he came to power as president of the Second French Republic in 1848 |
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| The british merchant liner carrying ammunition and passengers that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915. The loss of 139 American lives on board was a factor bringing the US into WWI. |
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| (1483-1546) German theologian who challenged the church's practise of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of Roman Catholic World. |
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| Circumnavigator of the globe, 1519-1522 |
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| (1776-1834) Englsih parson whose "Essay on Population" 1798 argued that population would always increase faster than the food supply. |
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| The economic base of feudalism; in brief, the economic system in which the serfs worked the fields of the manorial lord and provided the material wherewithal to support the noble class. |
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| (1740-1780) Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary, who lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia to Frederick the Great but was able to keep her other Austrian territories. |
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| Program that advanced more than $11 billion dollars for european recovery to 16 Western nations from 1947-1953; the final cost to the US was $20 Billion |
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| (1818-1883) German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development |
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| (1805-1872) Idealistic patriot devoted to the principles of united republican italy in a world of free states. |
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| Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of Non-Aryans. |
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| Right wing or moderate Russian Marxists willing to cooperate with the bourgeoisie. |
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| Governmental policies by which the state regulates the economy, thru taxes, tariffs, subsidies, laws. |
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| Prince Klemens von Metternich |
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| (1773-1859) Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna. |
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| (1806-1873) British philosopher who published On Liberty (1859) advocating individual rights against government intrusion, and 'The Subjection of Women' (1869) on the cause of women's rights. |
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| A village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the government. |
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| author of "spirit of the Laws' and 'Persian Letters' |
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| 1478-1535 Renaissance humnaist and chancellor of England executed by Henry VIII for his refusal to acknowledge publicly his king as Supreme Head of the Church CLergy of England. |
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| Former Premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978 |
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| Confrontations in 1906 and 1911 btwn Germany and the nations of France and England over William IIs interest in colonial gains in Africa. |
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| (1883-1945) THe founder and leader of Italian Fascists Party |
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| Japanese city on which the US dropped an atomic bomb on August 9th 1945 bringing the Japanese surrender and an end to World War II |
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| 1769-1821 Consul and later emperor of France 1799-1815 who establisted several of the reforms Code Napoleon of the french Revolution during his dictatorial rule |
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| (Napoleon III) 1852-1870 became president of 2nd Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup de'tat ultimately making himself head of the 2nd empire. |
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| National Socialists (Nazis) |
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| The political party of Adolf Hitler |
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Definition
| The shared traditions and common loyalties uniting peoples, speaking a similar language |
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| An agreement btwn Hitler and Stalin to remain neutral if the other went to war; also German acknowledged Russia's sphere of influence (Baltics) with a secret pact for the split of Poland |
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| the practise of rewarding church positions to family and friends |
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| New Economic Policy (NEP) |
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| Plan by Lenin after the Russian Civil War to use War Communism and allowed private ownership among the peasnts to stimulate agrarian production |
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| Oliver Cromwell's disciplined fighting force of the Protestants during the English Civil War |
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Term used to name rulers who strengthened their monarchical authority thru Machiavellian means
(ie: Louis XI, Henry VII, Ferdinand and Isabella) |
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| (1642-1727) English scientist who discovered the laws of gravity and the idea of the universe following natural laws |
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| 1844-1900 German philosopher who believed in modern existentialist movement- he stressed the role of "Superman" (Ubermensch) who would rise above the mediocrity. |
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| 1894-1917 the final tzar, a Romanov, whose government collapsed under the stress of WWI |
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| Declarative Date of the liberal aristocrats/ bourgeoisie of the National Assembly at a secret meeting to abolish the feudal regime in France. |
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| NATO (northern atlantic treaty organisation) |
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Definition
| military alliance found in '49 btwn much of Europe and US/Canada where Greece, Turkey, and West Germany later joined. |
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Definition
| 1808-1877 British feminist whose legal persistence resulted in the Married Women's Property Act 1883 which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women. |
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| 1935 Laws created in Nazis German to exclude Jews from white collar jobs and from marrying/habitation with non Jews. |
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| Nuremberg War Crimes Trials |
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Definition
| The Trials following 1945 to convict military and civilian leaders of their role in the extermination of Jews and other peoples. |
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Definition
| (1858-1928) Founder of Women's Social and Political Union; a british suffragette. |
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| A movement to untie Slavs in the Balkans |
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| the revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, engaged in a civil war (March-May in 1871) with the newly elected National Assembly set up at Versailles after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War |
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| the Law Court in Old Regime France; run by nobles that could register or refuse to register a king's edict |
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| the legislation that deprived the House of Lords (England) of veto power in all money matters. |
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Definition
| (1890-1960) a Russian Novelist, "Dr. Zhivago" which condemned the brutality of Stalin' s Era |
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Definition
| 1648- treaty that ended the 30yrs war in Germany; it permited all princes, regardless of denomination (Lutheran, Catholic, Calvinist) to declare his own creed. |
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| 1555-stated by Charles V which officially recognised Lutheranism as a religion in the Holy Roman Empire that a ruler or free city had the liberty to choose for a ll subjects in the region |
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| 1713- treaty which concluded War of Spanish Succession; it denied the union of France; and granted control of Gibraltar to England |
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| The promise Lenin made to his supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile during the revolution. |
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| the 'thaw' of tension btwn the superpowers in the Cold War |
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| 1808-1813; Napoleon's long war with Spain |
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| A member of a militant movement that assassinated Czar Alexander II in 1881; she was the first woman to be executed for a political crime in Russia |
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| 1682-1725; The romanov czar who initiated the westernization of Russia by traveling and learning of West lifestyle. He incorporated techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress |
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Definition
| 1628- The English Parliamentary Document that restricted the king's power. It recognised the Habeas Corpus and held that only Parliament could impose taxes. |
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| of St. Petersburg or Petrograd- it was a council of workers, soldiers, and intellectuals who shared power with the provisional government in 1917 Russia |
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| (1556-1598) successor (son) to Charles V; ruler of Spain and the Low Countries |
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| social critics of the 1700s who subjected social institutions and practises to the test of reason and critical analysis. |
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| the holding of several benefices or church offices |
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| British legislation that restricted the number of poverty stricken who were eligible for aid. |
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| the July August 1945 btwn Truman, Stalin, and Clement Atlee of GB.; they sturggled over the permanent borders of Germany following WWII and free election of East European countries- Stalin refused to give in fear of anti soviet governments. |
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Definition
| liberal reforms of Alexander Dubcek, the Czechoslovakian Communist Party secretary. On 20th Aug. 1968- soviet troops occupied Prague to undo these reforms |
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Definition
| following the abdication of Nicolas II in March to Lenin's takeover in November- this temporary government was established |
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| 1726-1775 Head of the bloody peasant revolt in 1773 that convinced Catherine the Great to throw her support to the nobles and cease internal reforms |
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| English civil war in 1642-1646; waged to determine whether the sovereign would reside in the monarch or in Parliament. |
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| English protestant sect who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of Roman Catholic traces in practises and organisation |
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| A forcible and illegitimate attempt to seize power. See Hitlers Breitag.... |
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| Alliance btwn Austria, GB, Prussia, and Russia to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818 |
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| a siberian priest who claimed mysterious healing powers; was able to gain favour in court thru the sons illness. The people believed his power to strong thus they planned his murder. The czarina's relationshp with rasputin did much to discredit the rule of the Czar Nicholas II |
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Definition
| the use and design of reason in understanding and explaining events |
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Definition
| the idea of many political leaders to put the needs of their own country before the needs of Europe- the practical means to achieve political ends; Bismarck was a great practitioner |
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Definition
| A terrorist group committed to radical political and social change that was responsible for the assassination of former Italian premier Aldo Moro in 1978 |
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Definition
| the bolshevik armed forces |
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Definition
| Volunteers of Garibaldi's Army in the Unification of Italy |
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Definition
| A plebiscite: the referring of a matter to the people for a decision. |
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Definition
| The english bill which increased the vote and redistributed the representatives according to the new population numbers following the industrialization;eliminated the rotten boroughs |
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Definition
| The lower house of the German Diet (legislation) |
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Definition
| period of 1400-1600; known as the 'rebirth' of classical Greek works; the birth and transformation of culural and intellectual values from primarily christian to classical or secular ones in northern Italy, and the spread to the rest of Europe |
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Definition
| 1891- papal command of Leo XIII (1878-1903) that upheld the right of private property but criticised the inequities of capitalism. it encouraged Catholics to for political parties and trade unions to address the poverty from capitalism. |
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Definition
| Following Oliver Cromwell's fall, the return of the Stuart Monarchy (1660) to the thrown in England. |
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Definition
| the French desire for revenge against German over Alsace and Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War-1870 |
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Definition
| the Marxist view that workers empowered by vote could obtain their wish thru democratic means without revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariats |
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Definition
| 1772-1823; English economist who formulated the "iron law od wages" according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers bc of pop. growth |
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Definition
| Italian dive and desire for unity and resurrection of Italian glory of ancient times and the Renaissance |
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Definition
| depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to parliament. The Reform Bill of 1832 recalculated these ares with the appropriate number of rep. |
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Definition
| Author of the 'Social Contract' and 'Emile' |
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Definition
| started in 1600s it was an organised body for scientific study |
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Definition
| The Partisan workers who wore loos-fitting trousers rather than the social accepted tight fitting ones. Supported Robespierre and many otr radical heads. |
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| The Balkan town in Austro-Hungarian Bosnia where the Archbishop Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip. Ferdinand was heir to the thrown. |
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Definition
| 1905-1980; French existentialist known for his belief that "existence precedes essence" aka...we exist and then our moral choices shape our character |
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Definition
| The German strategy during WWI to fight a two front war with Russia and France; The pont was to outflank France thru Belgium than turn all forces to the Russian front |
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Definition
| 1952 plan to have an international org. to control and integrate all Euro coal and steel production; known as the Euro. Coal and Steel Community |
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Definition
| Social Democratic Party in Germany-based on Marxist ideology |
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Term
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Definition
| The change to here and now rather than the spiritual and otherworldly |
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Definition
| the ability of an ethnic group to decide how it is to be governed-independently or part of the whole. |
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Definition
| The Prussian assault on the capital after Napoleon III's surrender in 1870; the siege lasted 4 mon. |
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Definition
| selling of church offices |
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Definition
| intellectual who wrote 'Wealth of Nations' |
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Definition
| following the rules of Darwin's theory- the belief that only the politically and socially fit will survive in the culture |
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Definition
| 1918- ); Russian author who confronted Stalin's concentration camps in 'One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich' |
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Definition
| left-wing Marxists in Germany; they wanted a proletariat revolution in 1919 |
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Definition
| 1820-1903; English philosopher that argued that in difficult econ. struggle only the "fittest" would survive...hence 'social darwinism' |
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Term
| St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre |
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Definition
| August 24, 1572; Catholic attack on Calivinists on the marriage day of Henry of Navarre (*henry IV) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1862-1911; Russian minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of pirvate farmers and improved ed. for enterprising peasants |
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Definition
| German area of Czechoslavakia, ceded to Germany in Hitler-Chamberlain Munich meeting (sept. 1939) |
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Definition
| 1864- Doctrine of Pope Pius IX that denounced belief in reason and science and attacked "progress, liberalism, and modern civilization" |
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Term
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Definition
| French trade-unionists belief that unions would become the governmental power thru a general strike that would paralyze society. |
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Definition
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Definition
| John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas |
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Definition
| a direct french taw at which nobles were always exempted. |
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Definition
| 20 June 1789; Declaration by members of the third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France |
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Definition
| 1673; British Law which prohibited Catholics and otr dissenters from holding office |
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Term
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Definition
| a community, such as Calvin's Geneva, in which the state is subordinate to the church |
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Term
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Definition
| Germany during the Nazis Regime; btwn 1933 & 1945; 1st was 963 to 1806; 2nd was 1871-1917 |
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Definition
| the 1873 alliance btwn Germany, Austria, and Russia |
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Term
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Definition
| 1892-1980; communist chief of Yugoslavia; he proclaimed communist independence from Societ influence |
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt by government to control a society totally thru a dictatorship that employs the modern methods of communication-press, Tv, radio- to glorify the state ovr the indivdl. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pact by which lenin pulled Russian out of the war with Germany and gave up one third of the Russian pop. in the western territories of Poland, the Baltic states, and the Ukraine |
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Term
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Definition
| 1871-the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which ceded the territories of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany |
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Term
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Definition
| Pact, created in 1957, that set up the Euro. Econ. community also known as the Common Market |
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Term
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Definition
| 1807; agreement btwn Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces. |
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Definition
| 1882; btwn Germany, Austria, and Italy |
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Term
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Definition
| after 1907; alliance btwn England, France, and Russia |
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Term
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Definition
| 1803-1844; socialist and feminist who called for working women's social and political rights |
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Term
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Definition
| 1879-1940; Lenin's ally who organised and led the Bolshevik military takeover of the provisional gov. headed by Kerensky; Stalin had him thrown out bc he saw Trotsky as a threat....Trotsky wanted a global communism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Policy providing military aid to Greece and Turkey in an effort to contain Communism (1947-48) |
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Term
| "Two Tactics for Social Democracy" |
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Definition
| Lenin's 1905 essay in favour of the telescoping of agrarian and industrial revolutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the practise of lending money for interest |
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Term
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Definition
| 1407-1457; a humanist who used historical criticism to discredit an 1700s doc. giving the papacy jurisdiction over Western lands |
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Term
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Definition
| the independent sovereign state of the pope and the Catholic Church, especially in Rome in 1929. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gathering of catholic church leader who proclaimed that church doctrine was infallible |
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Term
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Definition
| Louis XIV built it to entertain the nobles during his reign |
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Definition
| King of Italy who asked Mussolini to join a cabinet, thus allowing Mussolini to take power |
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Term
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Definition
| the striving for personal excellence |
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Term
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Definition
| A philosopher who wrote philosophical letters and candid. he was also a supporter of deism |
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Term
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Definition
| The application of total war by the Bolsheviks where everything was nationalized to promote war efforts |
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Term
| War of the Spanish Succession |
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Definition
| (1701-1713) the war where Louis XIV wanted control over the succession of the spanish crown |
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Term
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Definition
| (1955) A military alliance with the Soviet Union and it's satellite nations |
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Term
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Definition
| (1921) Conference of the major powers to discuss the naval armaments |
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Term
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Definition
| the government of Germany from (1919-1933) |
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Term
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Definition
| the dream of William II that made germany a global power by expanding their navy |
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Definition
| An essay written by lenin that expressed his views on how a revolution should be carried out |
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Term
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Definition
| (1672-1702) the dutch prince who took over after the glorious revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| (1856-1924) President of the United States during WWI and afterwards he helped in peace making causes such as his 14 point plan |
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Term
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Definition
| (1849-1915) Finance minister in Russia, who's plans helped it to industrialize |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote to promote womens rights |
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Term
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Definition
| (1320-1384) Wrote that scripture alone should be the christian standard and not the church as it is corrupted by people |
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Term
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Definition
| (februaury 1945) Wartime meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss military and post war plans |
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Term
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Definition
| Group under Mazzini's leadership that urged the unification of Italy |
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Term
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Definition
| (1929) Schedule that limited germans reparations an d agreed on time occupation in Ruhr |
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Term
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Definition
| (1864) a Russian Government with powers to tax and make laws |
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Term
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Definition
| (1864) a Russian Government with powers to tax and make laws |
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Term
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Definition
| (1864) a Russian Government with powers to tax and make laws, it was the grounds for democracy |
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Term
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Definition
| (1864) a Russian Government with powers to tax and make laws, it was the grounds for democracy |
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Term
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Definition
| (1864) a Russian Government with powers to tax and make laws, it was the grounds for democracy |
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Term
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Definition
| (1857-1933) German Marxist who focused on women'a issues in communism |
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Term
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Definition
| (1917) a telegraph sent from germany to mexico asking Mexico to attack the US in exchange for land. THis pulled the US into WWI |
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Term
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Definition
| (1818-1844) An Economics customs union established by prussia and included all german speaking states except Prussia |
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