Term
| appropriateness/felicity conditions |
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Definition
| the context or conditions for a speech act must be appropriate for the speech act to be valid. For example, it would be inappropriate for a speaker to thank someone for something that hasn’t occurred yet or which isn’t beneficial to the speaker. |
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Term
| conversational maxims (Grice) |
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Definition
| Under Grice’s cooperative principle, a conversation should be truthful (maxim of quality), relevant (maxim of relation), concise (maxim of quantity) and clear (maxim of manner). |
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Term
| dialects (regional, social, and ethnic) |
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Definition
| language varieties characterized by systematic lexical, phonological, and grammatical differences with standard varieties (e.g., Standard American English). Dialects are typically associated with informal (casual) spoken language. |
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Term
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Definition
| differences in morphology and syntax among varieties (dialects) of English. |
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Term
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Definition
| term used by Grice to describe implied statements in a conversation. |
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Term
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Definition
| vocabulary differences between dialects. |
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt by a writer to portray or represent a particular regional, social, or ethnic dialect using written language. |
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Term
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Definition
| often defined as the degree of certainty or strength of obligation, modality is expressed by means of modal auxiliaries, and includes situations “contrary to fact.” This includes the “future” tense, possibility, ability, permission, and obligation. |
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Term
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Definition
| any language variety (dialect). |
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Term
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Definition
| class of verbs which express specific speech acts, e.g., promising, warning, pronouncing, thanking, complaining, accusing, referring, admitting, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| pronunciation differences between dialects, including regional “accents.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as illocutions or illocutionary acts, speech acts are utterances which are used to carry out specific acts (e.g., promising, warning, pronouncing, thanking, complaining, accusing, referring, admitting, etc.) Speech acts may be carried out directly with a performative verb (present tense, active voice, with a first-person subject, e.g., I promise I’ll clean up my room.) Speech acts may also be performed indirectly, without a performative verb and by using a different sentence type (e.g., an interrogative instead of an imperative sentence). |
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Term
| Standard American English |
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Definition
| an artificial and somewhat arbitrary entity associated particularly with formal usage and written English, characterized by lack of any features associated with regional, social, or ethnic dialects. |
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Term
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Definition
| in English, subjects and verbs agree in number (singular/plural), although dialects sometimes differ systematically from the standard. Examples of standard agreement include: they were, he likes, people know. Examples of patterns of nonstandard agreement found in various dialects include: they was, he like, people knows. |
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Term
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Definition
| main verb+auxiliaries/modals |
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Term
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Definition
| Switching tense within a sentence or piece. Frowned upon in written standard English. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| suppressed agent passive (truncated passive) |
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Definition
| An exception where changing the form of the verb does not affect semantic roles. For example: Active-> Somebody has eaten my porridge. become-> Passive-> My porridge has been eaten. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sentence in the form of a statement |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or command. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sentence that asks a question. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sentence that expresses strong feelings by making an exclamation. |
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Term
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Definition
| In traditional grammar, a verb form (or voice) in which the grammatical subject receives the verb's action. Example: "A good time was had by all." |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of the D.O. or P.N. to the front of the sentence. I.e.: We canned the tomatoes. -> The tomatoes were canned. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called auxiliaries or helping verbs are always the same no matter with which subject they are used. |
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Term
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Definition
| subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences |
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