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| Presidential Campaign of 1896 |
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Republican McKinley (defender of modern urban-industrial values) vs. Democrat Bryan (defended America's rural past).
McKinley Victory |
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population tripled
farm production doubled
value of manufactured goods increased 6x's |
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| America became a commercial, industrial and agricultural giant because of natural resources, technological advances, population growth, and little government regulation |
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| America dominated the steel, oil, wheat, and cotton industries |
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| companies who joined forces with competitors to dominate industries |
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| population, rivers, forests, and minerals |
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| mass production techniques, labor saving machinery, telephones, telegrams, undersea telegrams, phonograms, standardized machinery and parts, and steamships |
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| Government during the industrial revolution |
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| politicians encouraged the growth of big businesses by imposing tariffs on foreign goods. Provided land and money to railroads, massive land grants, and 160-acre plots to settlers through the Homestead Act of 1862 |
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| What government didn't do during the revolution |
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| regulate big business, provide oversight of working conditions or operations by accepting bribes from big businesses. |
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| 1870's to 1900 when corporations were the most common form of business and labor unions started becoming strong |
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| First Industrial Revolution |
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| Britain during the late 18th century, coal powered steam engine, textile machines, and blast furnaces |
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| Second Industrial Revolution |
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| Occurred at the end of and after Reconstruction ended began around the 1870's in the US and Germany, due to transportation and communications improvements, electricity, and the application of scientific research to industrial processes. |
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spurred the use of wristwatches, and helped create international time zones. Transcontinental railways spanned the country and caused part of the financial panic of the 1890's.
America's first big business. Created political 'lobbying'. |
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| Authorized the construction of a rail line along a north-central route. |
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| immigrant laborers drawn to America to work under dangerous conditions for low wages. |
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| First Transcontinental line |
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| Second Transcontinental line |
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| ended in Southern California in 1881 |
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| The 5 rail lines added to the transcontinental lines after their completion |
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| name for the shady financial partakings of railroad executives and other captains of industry |
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| Prince of the railroad "Robber Barons". Bought rundown railroads, cosmetized them, and resold them to make a profit. He also used corporate money to line his own pockets. |
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| "the Commodore". Formed the first major eastern railroads. New York Central company. |
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| 2/3 of the railroads were under the control of only 7 companies |
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| Patented the Telephone in 1876 |
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| Invented the phonograph and the light bulb. |
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| invented the air brake for railroads and the first alternating current electric system. |
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| Created the Standard Oil company of Ohio. Organized the Standard Oil trust with thirty-seven stock holders investing in 9 trustees. Gave most of his fortune away to fund education and medicine. |
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| developed military telegraph system. Dominated the Steel industries. Gave money to universities, helped to build libraries, funded hospitals, parks, meeting halls and concerts, swimming pools, and churches. Also donated Church organs. |
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| Briton Sir Henry Bessemer |
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Definition
| Bessemer Converter. Made steel from pig iron. |
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| channeled European capital into the US as a financer. Acquired and reorganized major rail lines. Controlled 1/6 of the railroads. Consolidated the Steel industry. The US Steel Corporation became the first billion dollar corporation. |
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dominated the mail-order industry.
offered goods by mail in the 1890's at low prices to save people money. |
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richest 2% owned 1/3+ of the nations wealth and the top 10% owned 3/4 of it.
90% OF THE POPULATION IS LIVING OFF OF 25% of the nation's money. |
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| Immigrants, women, and children were at the bottom of the workforce working under the harshest conditions and receiving the least pay. |
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59 hour work weeks (10 hour work days)was the average.
Steel workers worked seven-day eighty four hour work weeks (12 hours a day). |
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| Tenements became crowded, death rates rose in cities, factories had poor health and safety conditions,high accident rates and fatality rates. No worker's compensation. |
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| increased as a need to help provide for their families increased. Children were receiving little or no education and very little time for nurturing and play. Laws regulating child labor were ignored or rarely abided by. |
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| An Irish group that used intimidation, killings, and beatings to right wrongs against Irish workers. Miners' National Association (union) was destroyed when the trials of the Maguires led to 24 convictions and 10 hangings of Mollies. |
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| The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 |
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Definition
| 1st major inter-state strike in American History. Railroad strikes due to wage cuts led to violence, death, and property damage all over the country. Had to be disbanded by federal troops. The strike failed. |
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| Working class political movement that ended in attacks on passing Chinese immigrants and then anti-Chinese riots that led to a cease in Chinese immigration in 1882 |
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| Common on the west coast when white workers attacked Chinese immigrants. The Geary Act required immigrants to carry papers that acted as a passport punishable by deportation or hard labor. Chinese civil disobedience was the largest act of civil disobedience in American history. |
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| More interested in political and social reform than in bargaining with employers. Disbanded by 1872. Enacted the 8 hour work day for federal employees |
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| encouraged the importation of labor by allowing employers to pay for the passage to America. Repealed due to the NLU. |
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| became a national organization in 1878 that endorsed workmen's reforms, payment of salaries, elimination of convict-labor competition, 8-hour work days, and the use of paper currency. Called for equal pay for men and women. Went into decline after failed railroad strike and disbanded in 1893. |
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| Believed that government was an abusive device used by the rich to exploit and oppress the working poor, and wanted to disband the government all together through acts of violence. |
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| McCormick Reaper Work's Plant violence led to two strikers being killed. During a protest a few days later, a bomb was thrown that killed 7 and wounded 60 others. America's first terrorist bombing. |
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| founder of the American Federation fo Labor (AFL) |
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| penalized employers who imported contract labor |
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| federation of national organizations. Focused on economic gains, higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions and avoidance of politics to get there. Worked mainly with agricultural industries. |
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| 1892. A lockout of unionists in the steel industry attacked Carnegie's plant. 14 hour battle in which the Pinkerton's surrendered and the strike breakers were hired to restore production. |
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| 1894. Paralyzed 27 state and territorial economies because workers of the Pullman plant were required to live in the town, pay high rent and utility costs and buy overpriced goods from company stores. Pullman cut wages and laid off workers that started the strike. The American Railway Union and due to a lack of willingness to negotiate on Pullman's part most of the Midwest railroads shut down due to the strike. |
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| President of the ARU. Attempted to negotiate in the Pullman strike and faced jail time for interfering with the delivery of the mail. |
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| "The most dangerous woman in America". The mother of the fledgeling labor movement. Led a walk to DC with Child Labor Workers to get the attention of the president. |
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| Industrial Wrokers of the World (IWW) |
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Definition
| Wobblies. attempt to revive undustrial unionism. Main goal was syndicalism: the destruction of the government and it's replacement by a union. Most of the leaders were jailed for conspiracy. |
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