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| Russian Orthodox thinker. Stated that "man's historical experience has been one of steady failure, and there are no grounds for supposing it will be ever anything else." |
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| Wrote Revolt of the Masses. Spanish philosopher who warned readers about the masses who were destined to destroy the highest achievements of Western society. |
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| Came up with theory of Relativity, showing that there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe. According to this theory, it no longer made sense to speak of space and time as absolutes, because the measurement of thsoe two categories always varies with the motion of the observer. |
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| Published a paper "About the Quantum-THeorestical Reinterpretatin of Kinetic and Mechanical Relationships," which established the "uncertainty principle." |
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| scientists cannot observe the behavior of electron objectively, because the act of observation interferes with them. |
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| focused on psychological rather than physiological explanation of mental disorder. identified a conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes that lay at the root of neurotic behavior. Strong belief in dreams. Identified sexual drives and fantasies as the most important source of repression. |
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| Freud said that male children develop an erotic attachment to their mother and hostility toward their father. |
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| Wild Beats as the called themselves. Expressionists, Cubists, Abstractionists, Dadaists, or Surrealists. |
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| French impressionist who studied 19th century Japanese prints, and he experimented with visual angles and asymmetrical compositions. |
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| Postimpressionist painter, in a revolt agsint rational society fled to central America and Tahiti. Inspired by the "primitive" art he found there, claiming that it held a sesne of wonder that "civilized" people no longer possessed. |
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| An institution that brought together architects, designers, and painters from several countires. Located first in Weimar and tehn Dessau, Germany, it was a community of innovators bent on creating a building style and interior designs that were uniquely suited to the urban and industrial landscape of the 20th century. |
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| First director of the Bauhaus. Theory of design became the guiding principle first of the Bauhaus and subsequently of contemporary architecture. Believed that design was functional, based on a marriage between engineering and art. Form must follow function. |
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| Second director of Bauhaus. experimented with steel frames around which he stretched non-load-bearing walls of glass. His designs became the basis for the ubiquitous glass-box skyscrapers taht first adorned cities such as Chicago and New York and later dominated the skylines of major cities |
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| World-famous Swiss-French architect. He proved the broad appeal of new architecture. Laid out the new capital city of Punjab, and other Indian cities at the request of Indian prime minister. |
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| Raised duties on must manufactured products to prohibitive levels |
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| Moved to South Africa for tuberculosis. Became rich off of diamonds and gold. Proponent of British imperialism |
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| Worked to persuade both industrialists and workers that overseas expansions would benefit them all. German chancellor. |
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| means civiizing mission in French. Word for justification of imperialism into Africa and Asia. |
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| term coind by Kipling meaning that it was the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands. |
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| British gunboat that brought the Opium War to a conclusion in 1842 |
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| Came in 1880s. Light and powerful weapon that fired 11 bullets per second. |
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| Killed thousands of Sudanese in 5 hours. Opened the door for British colonial role in Sudan. |
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| English East India Company |
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| Obtained permission from Mughai emperors of India to build fortified posts on the coastlines. Enjoyed a monopoly on English trade with Asia. |
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| The practice of widows burning themselves on their husbands' funeral pyres. Banned by British |
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| military officers and imperialist adventures engaged in a risk of influence and intelligence with British and Russians in India |
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| Established the port of Singapore, which became the busiest center of trade in the Strait of Melaka in 1824. |
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| Consisted of modern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos between 1859 and 1893 |
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| Scottish minister, who traveled through much of central and southern Africa in the mid-19th century in search of suitable locations for mission posts. |
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| Undertook a well-publicized expedition to find Livingstone and report on his activities. |
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| Richard Burton and John Speke |
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| Ventured into east Africa seeking the source of the Nile River |
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| Set up Cape Town(1652) as a supply chain for ships en route to Asia. |
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| renamed Boers, believed God had predestined them to claim the people and resources of the Cape. |
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| Following oppression by British, Afrikaners moved east |
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| Berlin West Africa Conference |
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| Delegates of 12 European states as well as the US and the Ottom empire - not a single African was present - devised the ground rules for the colonization of Africa |
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| One of 2 countries that remained free. Consisted of freed slaves that was effectively a dependency of the US. |
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| Driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule. Wrote The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, in which he stressed the moral and financial advantages of exercising control over subject populations through indigenous institutions. Keen on using "tribal authorities" and "customary laws" as the foundation for colonial rule. |
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| Traveled to Pacific. 1770 anchored in Botany Bay(near Sydney), and reported that the region would be suitable for settlement. |
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| "land belonging to no one." British considered Australia terra nullius since Aboriginals were a nomadic people. |
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| British encouraged Maori leaders to sign this in 1840 by miscommunicating with them. The Treaty signalled the coming of official British colonial control, New Zealand believed it placed them just under British protection. |
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| Military confrontations between Maori groups and British troops and settlers in mid to late 19th century |
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| Began in 1856, as a means of forwarding Maori unity and sovereignty in New Zealand |
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| Dried coconut, produced vegetable oil for manufacturing of soap, candles and lubricants |
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| bird droppings that made excellent fertilizer |
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| Warned European states against imperialist designs in Western hemisphere |
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| Spanish-Cuban-American War |
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| War broke out as anticolonial tensions mounted in Cuba and Puerto Rico - the last remnants of Spain's American empire - where US business interests had made large investments. |
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| US battleship that exploded and sank in Havana in 1898 and US claimed sabotage and declared war on Spain. Easily defeated Spain |
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| known to his followers as the George Washington of his country - led a Filipino rebellion against intruders |
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| The US right to intervene in the domestic affairs of nations within the hemisphere if they demonstrated an inability to maintain the security deemed necessary to protect US investments. |
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| A rebellion led by a priest to expel German colonial authorities from east Africa. Maji maji was magic water believed to protect from German weapons. |
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| Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau |
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| Theorist who took race as the most important index of human potential. Wrote Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, where he divided humanity into 4 main racial groups. 1) African - unintelligent and lazy. 2) Asian - smart but docile. 3) natives of Americas - dull and arrogant. 4) Europeans - intelligent, noble and morally superior |
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| English philosopher who relied heavily on theories of evolution to explain differences between strong and weak: successful individuals and races had competed better in the natural world and consequently evolved to higher states than did other, less fit peoples. |
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| Prominent Bengali intellectual sometimes called the "father of modern India." Argued for the construction of society based on both modern European science and the Indian tradition of devotional Indiusm sought to end sati and increase women's rights, but considered himself Hindu reformer. |
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| A forum for educated Indians to communicate their views on public affairs to colonial officals. |
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| Coined the phrase "lost generation" |
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| Lamented decline of Western society. Wrote Decline of the West, he proposed that all societies through a life cycle of growth and decay comparable to the biological cylce of living organisms. He concluded that European society had entered the final stage of its existence. |
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| Wrote A Study of History, which sought to discover how societies develop through time |
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| Christian theologian. Published Epistle to the Romans. Attacked liberal Christian theology that embraced the idea of progress, that is, the tendency of European thinkers to believe in limitless improvement as the realization of God's purpose. |
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| French Nobel Prize-winning physician, who insisted that removing women from the workforce would solve the problem of male unmployment and incrase that nation's dangerously low birthrate |
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| US writer who captured the official heartlessness and the rising political angery inspired by the depression in The Grapes of Wrath. |
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| the US government's policy to destroy surplus crops to raise prices while citizens starved during Great Depression |
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| The most influential economist of the 20th century, who offered a solution to the crisis. His seminal work, The General THeory of Employment, Interest, and Money, was his answer to the central problem of the depression - he believed that the fundamental cause of the depression was not excessive supply, but inadequate demand. He encouraged the government to increase the money supply and stimulate the economy. This would lower interest rates and encoruage investment. |
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| a proposal under Roosevelt, that was a program fo sweeping economic and social reforms. Said that the gov't was justified in intervening to protect the social and econmic welfare of the people, represented a major shift ini US gov't policy and started a trend toward social reform legislation that continued long after thedepression. |
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| Lenin's way of dealing with the opposition during the civil war. It was a military campaign in which suspected anticommunists known as Whites were arrested, tried, and executed. 200,000 were killed, along with the tsar and his family. |
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| Lenin instated this to handle pressures from the unrest of the people. It temporarily restored the market economy and some private enterprise in Russia. Gov't returned only small-scale industries(those with less than 20 workers). Also allowed peasants to sell their surpluses at free market prices. |
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| the central governing body of the Communist Party in Russia. Were in favor of keeping socialism only within the country. |
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| Replaced Lenin's NEP, plan was to transform the Societ Union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power. (in particular steel and machinery) |
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| Welathy peasants who had risen to prosperity during the NEP but accounted for only 3 to 5% of the peasantry in Soviet Union |
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| Fascist armed squads who used violence against socialists in Italy |
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| Enacted by Italy and Germany and illustrated the strong links between the Italian and German variants of fascism |
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| German Law that deprived German Jewis of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and Germans |
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| The Night of the broken glass. Where the Nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores, the burning of most synagogues, and the murder of more than 100 Jews throughout Germany and Austria. |
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| Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan that was a 20 year military and economic pact in September 1940. |
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| the forced union between Germany and Austria that occurred in March 1938. |
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| Russian-German Treaty of Nonagression |
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| in August 1939. Terms of pact were that the 2 nations agreed not to attack each other, and promised neutrality in the event that either of them went to war with a third party. Also secretly decided to divide up Poland amongst each other. |
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| prime minister of Japan who set in motion plans for war against Great Britain and the US and allowed for Pearl Harbor |
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| a code breaking operation, which enabled a cryptographer monitoring Japanese radio frequencies to discover their plan to attack Midway |
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| Introduced at Okinawa. These were Japanese pilots who voluntered to fly planes with just enough fuel to reach an Allied ship and dive-bomb into it. There were 1900 missions |
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| where 15 leading Nazi bureaucrats gathered to discuss and coordinate the implementation of the final solution in 1942. Agrred to evaluate all Jews to camps in eastern Poland, where they would be worked to death or exterminated. |
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| THe gassing agent, that was used to exterminate Jews. |
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| Women appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the navy |
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| comfort houses/consolation centers |
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| where over 200,000 women between the ages of 14 and 20 were forced to work as prostitutes for the military. They were presented as gifts from the emperor, and they came from Japanese colonies, mostly from Korea and China. |
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| Where Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt came together where they attempted to discuss how to deal with the liberated countries of eastern Europe. |
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| Took place in a Berlin suburb in 1945 and was the last wartime summit conference of the Allies. Focus was the immediate Allied control of Germany, the occupation of Austria and the demaraction of the boundaries of Poland. |
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| The area that divided Europe into the Soviet Union territory and the capitalist nations of western Europe. |
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| Drew the battle lines of the Cold War. |
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| a proposal to rebuild Euroepan economies through cooperation and capitalism, foretsalling communist or Soviet influence in the devastated nations of Europe. |
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| Council for Mutual Economic Assistance |
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| Set up in 1949, it offered increased trade within the Soviet Union and eastern Europe as an alternative to the Marshall Plan |
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| a supranational organization dedicated to keeping world peace. Finalized in 1944 with the presence of China, Great Britain the Societ Union, and the US. Dedicated to maintaining international peace and security and promoting friendly relations among the world's nations. |
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| The day that the Archduke was assassinateded |
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| Group centered in Serbia, the organization was the unification of all south Slavs, or Yugoslavs, to from a greater Serbia |
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| 4 countries - Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire |
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| the president of South Korea, a conservative anticommunist |
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| the capital of North Korea |
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| leader of North Korea, a revolutionary communist. |
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| separation between North and South Korea |
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| coined by Eisenhower. Americans believed that if one fell to communism, the rest would follow, which was why they were so determined to stop communism. |
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| revolutionary who overthrew the autocrat of Cuba. Ceased operations with US and started working with Soviet Union. |
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| began with Fidel Castro working with Soviet Union, which caused US to order retaliation against Cuba and severed ties with Cuba. Soviets arrived in Cuba with military and economic aid. |
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| Kennedy gave go-ahead to invasion of Cuba and overthrow Castro. arrived at the Bay of Pigs. Within 3 days, Castro's military captured or killed entire invasion force. Diminished US prestige, and fueled Castro's resolve towards communism |
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| formed by CIA, a campaign aimed at destabilizing CUba and assissinating Castro. |
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| Kennedy and Kruschchev came to an understanding and understood the seriousness of the risk of a superpower nuclear showdown on Cuba. They withdrew missiles, and US did not invade Cuba |
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| became infamous in early 1950s for his unsuccessful quest to expose communists in the US government |
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| Wrote the Second Sex in 1949, a french writer, who denounced the second class status of women |
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| wrote the Feminine Mystique, and laid bare the severe unhappiness of women who presumale enjoyed the best life the US could offer. |
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| advocated that US blacks seek repatriation in Africa. |
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| led Ghana to independence from colonial rule, familiarized himself with the works of Garvey while studying in the US |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| illegalized segregations in schools in 1954 |
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| first man to orbit the earth. Soviet |
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| America landed on the moon with Apollo 11 |
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| Soviet novelist who wrote Dr. Zhivago. Unable to receive his Nobel Prize for literature in 1958 |
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| President Charles de Gaulle |
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| French leader, who dreamed of a Europe that could act as a third in the world affairs. |
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| real name was Josip Broz, ruled the federation of Yugoslavia with an iron hand from 1945 until his death in 1980. Resisted Soviet control |
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| political prisoner, who wrote One day in the life ivan denisovich, a shor and moving description of life in a Siberian forced labor. |
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| communist who gained power in Hungary and visiibility as a nationalist leader who announced Hungary's neutrality and withdrawal fromthe Warsaw pact |
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| Soviet authorities installed him as a dependable communist leader who adhered strictly to a pro-Soviet line of foreign policy in Hungary |
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| communist party leader in Czechoslovakia, who launched a "democratic socialist revolution." |
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Doctrine of Limited Soverignty |
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| justification for invasion of Czechoslavakia. Reserved the right to invade any socialist country that was deemed to be threatened by internal or external elements "hostile to socialism" |
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| agreement between Soviet Union and US, meant a reduction in hostility, in an attempt to cool the costly arms race and slow their competition in developing countries. |
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| the South Vietnameses communst party. |
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| People's Democratic Party of Aghanistan(PDPA) |
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| a radical group that took power in Afghanistan under Soviets approval |
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| an organization claiming to be an army of religious students, began a campagn to unify the Afghan lands in 1994. Captured the capital in 1996 and proclaimed the Islamic state of Afghanistan |
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| Popular in Poland, it was a combined trade union and nationalist movement |
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| Solidarity leader, who became president of Poland |
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| a revolution in Czechoslovakia that swept communists out of office and restored democracy by 1990. |
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| leader of the Muslim League, who felt no qualms a out frankly expression Muslim concerns and desires for a separate Muslim state in India |
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| agreed with Ghandi in one India |
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| leader of communist party in Vietnam |
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| giving the Jews a homeland signed by the British to get to Palestine |
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| leader of Egyptian party, who committed himself to opposing Israel and taking command of the Arab world. |
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| Front de Liberation Nationale |
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Definition
the command that led the Algerian war of liberation, that gained independence from France in 1962. |
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| The Algerian revolutionary and proponent of national liberation for colonial peoples through violent revolution. Participated in Algeria's battle to free itself for African nationalism. |
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| meaning Blackness, it was a movement inspired by US and Carribbean, they were African intellectuals who wanted to revive African traditions and culture. They were poets and writers who expressed a widely shared pride in Africa. They wanted to also break away from France. |
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| rebels in Kenya that were the largest ethnic group. They led a violent campaiin against Europeans |
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| Kenyan nationalistic leader, who was jailed by British, but later reemerged |
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| The Great Leap Forward/Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution |
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| far-reaching policies taht hampered the political and economic ddevelopment that Mao so urgently sought. Seen as a way to overtake industrial nation. It failed |
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| The Cultural Revolution in China |
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Definition
| ended up destroying the educational system in China and cost China years of stable development. |
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| came to power in 1981 after Mao. Facilitated relations between China and the US. He engineered CHina's entry into the international financial and trading system. He opened nation up to capitalist values. |
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| Beijing's Tiananmen Square |
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Definition
| A democracy demonstration that ended in bloody violence |
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| She was Nehru's daughter who became leader of the Congress party in India, and then served as prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977. She called for the forced sterilization of Indians. Allowed for voting privileges, but was then voted out. Tried to keep India one. Was assassinated in 1984 by Sikhs |
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| group in India who wanted greater autonomy in Punjab region. Represented 2% of India's population |
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| Golden Temple in Amristar |
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Definition
| Temple where Sikhs were hiding, and Indira Gandhi ordered an attack. She was eventually killed because of this. |
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| Indira Ghandi's son, who took over for her. He offered reconciliation for Sikhs, but was assassinated in 1991. |
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| Replaced Nassar as Egypt's president. He signed a peace treaty with Israel, and backed out of friendship with Soviet Union. He was assassinated in 1981. |
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| Palestinian Liberation Organization(PLO) |
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Definition
| worked to isolate Egypt, served as a gov't in exile for Palestinians displaced by Israel |
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| Leader of PLO, who promoted Palestinian rights. Signed a peace treaty that advanced the notion of limited Palestinian self-rule in Israeli-occupied territories. |
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| Israeli prime minister, who signed peace treaty with Arafat. Later assassinated for this by Jewish extremist. |
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| A Lebanese Shia resistance group benefiting from support from Iran and fighting against any Israeli occupation of Lebanese territory, instigated a conflict that saw Hezbollah rockets launched against Israel and more. UN mandated cease-fire in August 2006 |
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| the right and duty to defend Islam and the Islamic community from unjust attack - to rationalize and legitimize terrorism and revolution |
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| Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi |
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Definition
| CIA helped bring him to power in 1953 in Iran |
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| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini |
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Definition
| leader of the revolution in Iran. It was an Islamist movement, and was strongly anti-US |
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Definition
| killed 1 million soldiers. Hussein launched an attack on Iran, and ended in 1988 |
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| President Lazaro Cardenas |
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Definition
| President in Mexico, who had substantially invoked and applied the reforms guaranted to the Mexicans by the Constitution of 1917. |
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| Petroleos Mexicanas(PEMEX) |
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Definition
| a national oil company in control of MExico's petroleum products |
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Definition
| president of Argentina. He wa a nationalistic militarist, but was very popular. Promoted a nationalistic populism, calling for industrialization and support of the working class. Wife was Eva Peron |
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Definition
| Democratic president in Guatemala in 1951. Attempted to assert a Guatemalan economy, but US didn't like it |
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| Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas |
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Definition
| noncommunist Guatemalan. Puppet of the US, who attacked and weakened the Arbenz gov't. He was assassinated, which led to a civil war until 1990 |
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Definition
| President of Nicaragua, who was an anticommunist US ally. Controlled Nicaragua for more than 40 years. They were corrupt and brutal |
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| Honored in Nicaragua. He led a guerrilla movement aimed at ending US einterference in Nicaragua, but was killed by Garcia |
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| Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional |
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Definition
| Founded after Sandino's death. Garnered support over the decades for their guerrilla operations aimed at overthrowing the Somozas, but did not take power until 1979. |
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Definition
| President of Costa Rica who became especially influential in promoting a negoiated end to Contra War in Nicaragua |
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Definition
| CIA trained counterrevolutionary group dedicated to overthrowing the Sandinistas and engaging over time in such activities as the bombing of oil facilities and the mining of harbors in Nicaragua |
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Definition
| a mixture of Catholocisim and Marxism meant to combat the misery and repression of the masses through revolutionary salvation embraced by priests in Latin America |
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| Argentinian economist, who blamed US for not allowing to make their economy. |
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Definition
the idea that peoples with the same ethnic origins, language and politcal ideals had the right to form sovereign states.
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Russia promoted this volatile situation, which a 19th century movement that stressed the ethnic and cultural kinship of the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe and that sought to unite those peoples politically
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Definition
super ships built by Britain to counteract Germany's new navy
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Definition
between 1912 and 1913, the states of the Balkan peninsula - including Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania - fought two consecutive wars for possession of European territories held by the Ottoman empire.
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consisted of Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy
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Definition
agreements between France and Britain and Russia and it aimed to resolve colonial disputes
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Germans plan of attack, which called for a swift knockout of France, followed by the defensive action against Russia
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Definition
- More women involved in labor force
- Imperial ties drew millions of Asians, Africans, and residents of the British dominions into the war to serrve as soldiers and laborers
- The war gained a global flavor through the entry of Japan, the US, and the Ottoman Empire
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Austrians issued ultimatum to Serbia.
- Serbia accepted some but not all, and Austria declared this unacceptable and declared war on July 28
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| Austrians declared war on Serbia |
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Russia aided Serbian allies and mobilized against Germany as well. Once Germany declared war on Russia for mobilizing, France began to mobilize.
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Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium. Britian sent ultimatum to Germany regarding Belgium's neutrality, and then Britain declared war on Germany.
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| Trench on western front ran... |
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from English channel to Switzerland.
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| space between the trenches |
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| Technology introduced during World War I |
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- Poisonous gas by Germans in January 1915.
- Mustard gas - rotted the body from within and without
- Tanks and airplanes
- Britain with tanks in 1915
- Airplane in 1914 - by the end of the war showed dramatic improvements in speed, range, and altitude
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| left Central Powers, and joined Allies in 1915, as Austria-Hungary promised them land |
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Germany established a defensive line extending from the Baltic to the Ukraine
Counterattacks by Russia were unsuccessful, which led to undermining of tsar and fostered revolutionary ferment within Russian society |
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| told Germany to get out of China, but they wouldn't, so joined Allies |
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viewed as defiance of Turkism. Branded as traitorous internal enemy. Massacred them and starved them out - Armenian genocide(1 million perished)
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| most significant consequence of World War I |
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| Europe's diminshed role in the world |
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killed 20 million people(hit young adults particularly). Not caused by Great War, but wartime traffic on land and sea probably contributed to the spread of the infection. No cure for the flu
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27 nations represented - left bitter legacy
France, Britain and US dominated the deliberations and the Allies did not permit reps from Central Powers to participate. Soviet Union not invited. British blockade remained in effect in Germany during this time.
Strategically weak because too few participants had a stake in maintaining it and too many had an interest in revising it.
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Open agreements of peace
Absolute freedom of navigation on the seas in peace and war
Removal of all economic barriers
Establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all nations
Adequate guarantees for a reduction in national armaments
Adjustments of colonial disputes to give equal weight to the interests of the controlling government and colonial population
A call for "a general association of nations." |
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denied the Germans a navy and an air force and limited the size of the Germany army to 100,000 troops. French and British agreed that the defeated Central Powers must pay for the cost of the war and required the payment of reparations either in money or in king.
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effectively dissolved the empire, calling for the surrender of Ottomon Balkan and Arab provinces and the occupation of eastern and southern Anatolia by foreign powers.
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(Father of the Turks): head of turkish nationalistic movement - organized a national army that drove out Greek, British, French and Italian occupation forces and abolished the sultanate and replaced it with the Republic of Turkey, with Ankara as its capital.
Distinction between church and state
Ruled as virtual dictator until his death in 1938
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| Allied powers officially recognized the Republic of Turkey in a final peace agreement |
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First permanent international security organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
Included 41 nations. |
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| 2 flaws of League Nations |
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No power to enforce its decsision
Relied on collective security as a tool for the preservation of global peace
US refused to join, Germany, Japan Soviet Union, Italy all left
Served as a model for its successor - United Nations |
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aggression against any one state was considered aggression against all other states
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(1885) - enlisted the support of many prominent Hindus and Muslims, at first stressed collaboration with the British to bring self-rule to India, but after the Great War the congress pursued that goal in opposition to British.
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added a new current into the movement for national liberation in India.(encouraged by British)
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sacred writings of Hinduism
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children of God(Ghand's name for Untouchables)
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Ghandi adopted this moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence.
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developed this technique of passive resistance(means truth and firmness)
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NonCooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement
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led by Indian National Congress under Ghandi
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gave India the institutions of a self-governing state. Allowed for the establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in the provinces of British India, the creation of a bicameral(two-chambered) national legislature, and the formation of an executive arm under the control of the British government.
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an eloquent and brilliant lawyer who headed the muslim league, warned that a unified India represented nothing less than a threat to the Muslim faith and its Indian community.
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a leading opponent of the old regime, proclaimed a Chinese republic in 1912 and briefly assumed the office of president.
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all classes of Chinese protested against foreign, especially Japanese, interference
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CCP(Chinese Communist Party)
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organized in Shanghai in 1921.
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founding member. Former teacher and librarian who viewed a Marxist-inspired social revolution as the cure for China's problems. Emerged as leader during Long March.
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combination of Marxist-Leninism, it was an ideology grounded in the conviction that peasats rather than urban proletarians were the fuondation for a successful revolution.
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85000 troops burst through military blockade and began 10,000 km march. After travling across terrain and fighting hunger, disease, and Guomindang forces, the marchers arrived in a remote area of Shaanxi province in norhtwestern China in October 1935 and established headquarters at Yan'an. The march inspired many to join CCP.
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Japan renounced war as an instrument of national policy.
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Japan bombed a few feet of rail on the Japanese built South Manchurisa Railway north of Muken. They accused the Chinese of attacking their railroad. It became the pretext for war between Japan and China.
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uncrowned, pro-Muslim boy emperor of Ethiopia aligned his nation with Turkey until he was overthrown by pro-Christian nobles in 1916.
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based in Libya, responded to a Turkish call for holy war and invaded western Egypt.
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from Brazzaville to the port at Point-Noir, French rounded up some 10,000 workers annually. Within a few years, between 15,000 and 20,000 African laborers had perished from starvation, disease, and maltreatment
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spent 15 years in Europe. Articulate nationalist, led Kenya to independence from the British'
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| Forms of Nationalism in Africa |
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Some nationalists looked to the pre-colonial past for inspiration - found identities based on ethnicity, religion and languages.
Typically US blacks and Afro-Caribbean intellectual who thought of themselves as members of a single race and who promoted the unification of all people of African descent into a single African state(W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey). Called on blacks to go "back to Africa"
Some looked for African identity in geography. |
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self-educating young Marxist intellectual,he felt particular concern for the poor and the Indians, who constituted 50% of Peruvian pop. Suffered exile to Europe. Came back dedicated Marxist and in 1928 established the Socialist Party of Peru
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began as a student protester, staunch anti-imperialism and a plan for capitalist development that had peasants and workers cooperating with the middle class.
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Popular American Revolutionary Alliance(
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advocated indigenous rights and anti-imperaialism among other causes. Offered a radical but non-communist alternative to Peruvians
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artist who blended political messages in his murals. Believed art should be displayed to working class. Shaped politicized art of Mexico for decades. Artistically transcribed history of Mexico at National Palace and Ministry of Education in Mexico City. Activist in Mexican Communist Party. Painted a mural of Lenin that caused outrage and was destroyed. Made visible the impact of US imperialism on Latin American societies, and by doing so he helped spread political activism in the Americas in his paintings of US.
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