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Definition
| King and Queen of Spain; commissioned and funded Columbus's expedition |
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| Columbus's expedition 1492 |
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Definition
| Proposed sailing to markets of Asia by western route. He thought he could reach Japan, and sought royal sponsorship from Portuguese court, but was denied. Isabella of Spain commissioned him and he thought he reached the spice islands called the Indies, but he had actually reached the Bahamas. Significant because it paved way for conquest and exploitation of Americas by European peole |
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| The English word for Japan came to the West from early trade routes. The early Mandarin Chinese or possibly Wu Chinese word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. |
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| Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 |
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Definition
| divided the "newly discovered" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa). This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands "discovered" by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia (Cuba and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. |
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Definition
| Conspicuous Consumption of Spices; Rise of the Nouveau Riche |
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Term
| Conspicuous Consumption of Spices |
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Definition
| spices as "status symbols" and "emblems of power" |
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Term
| Rise of the Nouveau Riche |
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Definition
Newly rich; imitate the styles and tastes of the upper class; at least in appearance
A surge in the demand of spices |
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Definition
| just south of the Canary Islands, represented a point of no return |
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Term
| African exploration of the Atlantic |
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Definition
| sought mainland products of such as slaves and then gold as the means to finance short voyages along the coast |
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Term
| Peripheral status of portugal |
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Definition
| Portugal was a poor state; No more than 1 million people; went all out b/c they didn't really have much to lose |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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Term
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Definition
Economic:
African Gold and Slave Trade; Catalan Map; incentive for Europeans to tap into the resources; Indian Ocean as the "crossroads" of world system
Religious:
Perceived Threat of Dar al-Islam; European fear of Islam; Persistent crusader mentality; Religion was more a symbolic factor; not the main factor |
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| Portuguese; first to make contact with Indian Ocean region; no friendly encounters with natives; atmosphere of mutual antagonism and suspicion |
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| culture: devout and religious; focus on commerce and piety; tragic combo when dealing with Portuguese |
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| key trade link between South Africa and India; well-armed; resisted but Portuguese burned place down and D'Almeida said to loot everything; sailor could keep 20% |
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| The sultan of Mombasa actually wrote a letter to the king of Malindi warning him about the Portuguese; they surrendered and said they were at the service of the King of Portugal |
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Definition
| Gaspar Correa wrote about the brutality of Vasco da Gama; "Cut off their ears, hands and noses" |
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| Trade monopoly in Indian Ocean |
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Definition
| Portuguese issued safe transit passes; one must buy them in order to pass through and be able to trade or else Portuguese will confiscate goods and chop off hands |
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Term
| Choke points or transfer points |
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Definition
| Portuguese controlled these transfer points by using intimidation and extortion; port of Hormuz was an important choke point |
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Term
| Demise of Portuguese monopoloy |
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Definition
| Portugal had a conflict of interests at home - commercial and religious elements; private Portuguese contraband trade going under radar of very own navy; resurgence of Islamic Power when Shah Abbas re-captures Hormuz and Sultan of Imam captures most cities along coast |
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Definition
| 1502; Portuguese only had 2 dozen warships; tried to control choke points; orders king to come out and meet him; provides pitiful tribute (goats, cow) that didn't satisfy king; succeed in pillaging place |
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Definition
| main architect of aggressive Portuguese policy |
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| (state of India) in 1510; Portugal's 2nd capital @ Indian city of Goa; Vasco da Gama becomes viceroy of this state |
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| One of Da Gama's sailors that wrote an account demonstrating Da Gama's brutality and use of ruthless intimidation; Da Gama wanted to avenge some Portuguese killed in Caluka so he captures 20 unarmed Merchant ships carrying rice and chops off the Muslims' ears, hands, and noses and places parts in a boat with message "Why don't you make a curry out of these parts?" |
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| Da Gama becomes viceroyal of Estado do India (State of India) in 1510; Portugal's second capital at the Indian city of Goa |
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Term
| Mindset of the Conquistadors |
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Definition
| Spanish tended to be from margins of Euro economy; minor titles but no land --> desperation for gold; outnumbered and isolated --> propensity to take outrageous risks |
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Term
| Dona Marina (La Malinche) |
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Definition
| Translator and negotiator for the Spanish; turned against Aztecs; played crucial role in allowing Spanish to conquer Aztecs |
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Definition
| Emperor of Tenochtitlan; treated Cortes as an equal (mistake!); aware that Cortes had already sacked another city for not cooperating so wanted to get on his good side by giving Spaniards gold but just made them want more gold |
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Definition
| used intimidation and extortion to extract tribute (very harsh and extreme); way for Aztecs to maintain political prestige and authority; believed human sacrifice renew energy that comes from sun which was their source of power; made subjects hate them more --> crop failures, increased revolts, spread of disease |
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| Function of human sacrifice |
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Definition
| Renewed energy of sun, which was their source of power; more blood = better chance of revitalizing sun and their power |
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Definition
| The name of the sun god for which the Aztecs have a festival for. During one of these festivals a Spanish captain massacres Aztec warriors and priests. This provoked an all-out Aztec attacked on the Spaniards |
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Definition
| captured by Hernan Cortes |
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| Fatalism of Motecuzoma: the Aztecs associated the Spaniards with the return of Quetzalcoatl (the feathered serpent) b/c they had shiny armor, horses, and ships they've never seen before |
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| Sahagun's Account of Aztec Resistance |
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| Spanish explorer/conqueror; captured Tenochtitlan and kidnapped emperor Motecuzoma; greedy for gold |
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| Abduction of Atahualpa; Pizarro organized a fake peace conference within Inca capital of Cuzco --> kills all (brutal and shocking behavior parallel to behavior of Spanish conquerors) |
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Definition
| Missionaries vs. Conquistadors |
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| bringing isolated areas into the sphere of global economy and reach of cultural contact |
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| Demographic impact of epidemics |
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Definition
| Inhabitants of New World had very little immunity for Old World diseases |
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Definition
| Taint on Spanish history; take local chiefs and try to take wealth by slowly burning them; kill in groups of 13 (honor Jesus and 12 disciples); emphasize greed of conquistadors; no mention of disease |
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| provisional trustee ships/grants (Spanish American version of timars); soldiers receiving grants from crown to use labor (supposed to be temporary); tax collection/tribute collection; supposed to protect life and property of subjects |
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Definition
| attempted to protect welfare of natives, mostly in Caribbean |
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Definition
| university-trained bureaucrats; deal with complaints of natives; punishment for convicted encomiendas very minor |
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Definition
| Encomiendas gradually transferred to Crown; drastic fall of native population, crown feared loss of authority, WINDFALL WITH DISCOVERY OF SILVER |
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Term
| Silver Mines at Potosi and Zacatecas |
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Definition
| amount of silver had tripled in world economy; Spain became more dominant military power and could combat forces of Protestant Reformation; had commodity that Asia market coveted; could deal with Ottomans |
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Term
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Definition
| 20% of silver goes to crown; shows royal monopoly over silver production |
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Term
| The Great Famine of 1315-1322 |
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Definition
Warming trend from 2800-1200
Following that a medieval ice age (cooling trend) --> pressure on agricultural production --> famine, malnutrition, making people more susceptible to Plague |
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Term
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Definition
| first entry place of Plague in Europe because of ships |
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Term
| Death toll of plague 1347-1350 |
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| a description of the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) and leads into an introduction of a group of seven young women and three young men who fled from Plague ridden Florence for a villa outside of the city walls. To pass the time, each member of the party tells one story for every one of the ten nights spent at the villa. The Decameron is a distinctive work, in that it describes in detail the physical, psychological and social effects that the Bubonic Plague had on that part of Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| assumptions of how colonial powers should engage in trade, exploit resources, limit trade between host and colony |
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Term
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Definition
| European perspective of Black Plague; believed it to be highly contagious--> individual survival and persecution |
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Term
| Syncretism of Religious Iconography |
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Definition
| fusion of Christian beliefs and local deities (ex: Virgin of Guadalupe) |
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Definition
refers to Canary Islands, southern Portugal, Azores, and Cape Verde
sugar plantations were set up and worked by slaves |
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Term
| Brazilian Sugar Plantations |
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Definition
| Brazil becomes main supplier of sugar |
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Term
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Definition
w/ slave trade, people who invested:
German, Dutch, and Swiss: capital investment
French and British: (primarily) transporting slaves |
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Term
| Fatwas against flight and isolation |
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Definition
| Muslim perspective of plague: community; tradition; prohibition of flight |
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Definition
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| Capital-intensive Mass Production |
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Definition
| (?) slaves viewed as replaceable machines |
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| "this is your fate" phrase coined by Ibn Al Wardi in response to plague |
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Definition
| Islamic response to plague should be to unite and stick together; do not abandon your community |
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| extent of abuse of slaves on plantations led many to resist plantation system itself. Revolted by: working slowly, sabotaging machinery, escaping and forming bands of rebels |
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Definition
| European Christian world sees Black Death as an apocalyptic event |
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Definition
| when plague broke out, they believed they could purge the sins of mankind by self-inflicted mutilation in mobs; added to hysteria |
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Definition
Gender: limited gains for women; recipients of inheriting wealth and greater autonomy at home
Class: peasants gained bargaining power since not as many of them after plague; their labor became precious commodity and could work for pay and buy freedom and migrate to urban areas --> rise of manufacturing middle class |
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Definition
| less peasants so their labor became precious commodity; could bargain higher pay and eventually buy freedom and find jobs in urban areas; became easier to enter guilds |
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Definition
| most complete account of a slave, abducted by age 10, age 22 bought freedom, became an active voice in abolition |
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Term
| Thomas Phillips—Captain of the Hannibal |
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Definition
| wrote account that describes loading/transporting slaves, believed that Africans were as human as Europeans, believed Africans lives were better of in Barbados than home (Africa) |
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Definition
| phrase used to describe the way Europeans dealt with slaves from capture to arrival, conceived by Olaudah Equaino (tried to give picture of slave trade) |
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| Demographic shifts (rise of urban middle class) |
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Definition
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Term
| Economic impact of plague |
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Definition
| increase in efficiency of agricultural production led to lower prices for grain; fewer skilled artisans yet higher demand for manufactured luxury goods so prices sky-rocketed and class lines were blurred |
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Definition
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| The plague killed people but not the amount of wealth; more capital per capita; excess of capital available for investment; Investment in manufacturing and expeditions for exploration; Individuals had more spending power; a boost in the economy |
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Definition
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| Implications for Renaissance |
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Definition
| Increase in culture and arts; outburst of artistic production; Shook up the social hierarchy; a lot more mobility between the classes; Nuevo riche class |
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Term
| Demographic Impact of Slave Trade |
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Definition
| depleted the young, male population; slow to get the population back to a productive level |
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Term
| Economic Impact of Slavery on Africa |
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Definition
| nonproductive luxury items traded for the productive, young, males |
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Term
| Royal Monopoly over silver industry |
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Definition
The "Quinto": 20% of the silver that came out of the mines would go to the Crown
Mercury mines in Huancavelica: Essential for distilling silver from the impurities: Through that monopoly, they had control over all the silver |
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Term
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Definition
| annual convoys that had exclusive rights to transfer silver back to the Americas |
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Term
| Repartimiento vs. Mita System |
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Definition
| Mita (Inca) System was never so harsh that the people couldn't bear the burden. The repartimiento demanded that one seventh of all males would be responsible for providing 4 months of labor in the mines; Constant demand to replenish the labor force; The constant labors would get the most dangerous tasks; high kill rate |
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Term
| Missionaries vs. Spanish Crown |
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Definition
| the missionaries provided refuge form the Repartimiento; Protected them against the repartimiento; From the public view, it was illegal; The missions were accused of heresy; They started banning/closing missions |
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Term
| Inquisition in the Americas |
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Definition
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| torture device which involves tying hands behind the back rope thrown over beam, hanging, used on Jewish brothers to get them to confess that the blood was used for ritual of circumcision |
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Definition
| idea that means free of Jews (ex. making towns Juden Frei) |
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Definition
| Christian societies viewed Jews as enemies of Christ |
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| Implications of Jewish “Otherness” |
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Definition
| distinct status of Jews in Europe, made them conspicuous outside group, preserved traditions but easy scapegoats |
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| Impact of the Crusades on Jews |
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Definition
1) massacre along the Rhine, 800 Jews killed or committed suicide because refused to convert
2) blamed Jews for loss of Holy Land, blamed Jews for conspiring with Spanish in Spanish wars
3) Victimhood, people see Jews as victims and associate them with propensity of revenge, more vulnerable to suspicion |
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Definition
| persecution in the form of extortion |
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Term
| Sanctioned Violence against Jews |
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Definition
| Sanctioned: now backed up by local authorities; Jews had to pay to avoid sanctioned harassments and violence |
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Term
| Patterns of anti-Semitic accusations |
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Definition
| the Christians accused the Jews as a source of many of their problems; accused the Jews of secretly conspiring with the Muslims to take over Europe and with the Moors in taking over Spain |
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Definition
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Definition
| organized mob attacks on Jews; some believed that the Jews had poisoned the wells |
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Definition
Mob invading the "Aljames" or Jewish enclaves:
Shouting the battle cry "kill the traitors!"; believed the Jews had conspired with Muslims to take over Spain; Those taken as prisoners were burned at the stake; Legal contracts were burned or destroyed |
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Definition
| He labeled it as people acting on their own will; Ordered his notaries (lawyers) to try to reconstruct some of the destroyed documents; Only a symbolic rebuke (took action a year and a half after the attacks) |
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Definition
| Appearance of a Jewish conspiracy; Endingen gains honor and recognition through defying royal order |
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Definition
| Frederick said that Baden should not have imprisoned or executed Jews without the sanction of the king; They were not to harm any more Jews |
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| Fabrication of a Conspiracy |
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