Term
| Which muscle type is: striated and involuntary |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle type is: spindle-shaped fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle type is: multinucleated and cylindrical |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle type is: found in blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle type is: found in the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| more movable attachment of a muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| covering around an individual muscle fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| protein in thick myofilaments |
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Definition
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Term
| bundle of fibers surrounded by perimyseum |
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Definition
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Term
| less movable attachment of a muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| broad, flat sheet of tendon |
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Definition
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Term
| cell membrane of a muscle cell |
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Definition
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Term
| protein in thin myofilaments |
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Definition
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Term
| unit of muscle between Z lines |
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Definition
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Term
| type of myofilament in the I band |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle fibers must me stimulated before they can contract, therefore they have an abundant _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The blood supply delivers _____ and _____ for contraction. |
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Definition
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Term
| First event of muscle contraction: |
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Definition
| nerve impulse reaches axon terminal |
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Term
| Second event of muscle contraction: |
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Definition
| acetylcholine (ACh)is released into synaptic cleft |
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Term
| Third event of muscle contraction: |
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Definition
| acetylcholine (ACh) reacts with receptors on sarcolemma |
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Term
| Fourth event of muscle contraction: |
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Definition
| impulse travels into the T-tubules |
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Term
| Fifth event of muscle contraction: |
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Definition
| calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| Sixth event of muscle contraction: |
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Definition
| calcium reacts with troponin and exposes binding sites on actin |
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Term
| Seventh event of muscle contraction: |
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Definition
| energized myosin heads attach to actin |
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Term
| Eighth event of muscle contraction: |
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Definition
| power stroke pulls actin toward center of A band |
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Term
| minimum stimulus that causes contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| principle by which muscle fibers contract |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulus insufficient to cause contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| single neuron and muscle fibers it stimulates |
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Definition
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Term
| increases contraction strength in a muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| sustained contraction due to rapid stiumuli |
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Definition
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Term
| staircase effect due to partial muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| continued state of partial muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| muscle contraction with constant tension |
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Definition
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Term
| muscle contraction with changing tension |
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Definition
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Term
| immediate source of energy for contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| stored in muscle to regenerate ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| molecule that stores oxygen in muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| acid that accumulates with lack of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| products of aerobic breakdown of pyruvic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| the immediate (initial source) of energy is |
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Definition
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Term
| stored ATP is depleted in _____ in working muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| high energy compound stored in muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| creatine phosphate + ADP -> |
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Definition
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Term
| muscles store enough creatine phosphate to regenerate ATP for sustained contraction of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| when muscles are actively contracting for extended periods of time, _____ and _____ become primary energy sources |
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Definition
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Term
| glucose is stored in muscles as |
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Definition
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Term
| more ATP is produced from the metabolism of _____ and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| fatty acids (or glucose) + O2 --> |
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Definition
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Term
| which pathway produces 20x more ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| which pathway produces ATP 2 1/2x faster? |
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Definition
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Term
| vigorous activity over long periods of time, _____ and blood cannot deliver enough _____ to maintain aerobic respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| what is metabolized anaerobically to produce lactic acid and a small amount of ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _____ accumulates, causing a burning sensation |
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Definition
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Term
| lactic acid diffuses out of the muscle --> _____ --> _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| when O2 is available, the liver will convert lactic acid to _____ (storage form of _____) |
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Definition
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Term
| muscle metabolism: resting muscle |
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Definition
| fatty acids are catabolized; the ATP produced is used to build energy reserves of ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen |
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Term
| muscle metabolism: moderate activity |
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Definition
| glucose and fatty acids are catabolized; the ATP produced is used to power contraction |
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Term
| muscle metabolism: peak activity |
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Definition
| most ATP is produced through glycolysis, with lactic acid as a by-product |
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Term
| key steps in the initiation of a contraction: 1 |
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Definition
| at the neuromuscular junction, ACh released by the synaptic terminal binds to receptors on the sarcolemma |
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Term
| key steps in the initiation of a contraction: 2 |
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Definition
| the resulting change in the membrane potential of the muscle fiber leads to the production of an action potential that spreads across the entire surface along the T tubules |
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Term
| key steps in the initiation of a contraction: 3 |
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Definition
| the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases stored calcium ions, increasing the calcium concentration of the sarcoplasm in and around the sarcomeres |
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Term
| key steps in the initiation of a contraction: 4 |
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Definition
| calcium ions bind to troponin, resulting in the movement of tropomyosin and the exposure of active sites on the thin (actin) filaments; myosin cross bridges form when myosin heads bind to active sites |
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Term
| key steps in the initiation of a contraction: 5 |
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Definition
| repeated cycle of cross-bridge binding, pivoting, and detachment occur, powered by the breakdown of ATP; these events produce filament sliding, and the muscle fiber shortens |
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Term
| this process continues for a brief period, until: 6 |
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Definition
| action potential generation ceases as ACh is broken down by acetylcholinesterase |
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Term
| this process continues for a brief period, until: 7 |
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Definition
| the sarcoplasmic reticulum reabsorbs calcium ions, and the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum declines |
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Term
| this process continues for a brief period, until: 8 |
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Definition
| when calcium ion concentrations approach normal resting levels, the troponin and tropomyosin molecules return to their normal positions; these changes cover the active sides and prevent further cross-bridge interaction |
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Term
| this process continues for a brief period, until: 9 |
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Definition
| without cross-bridge interactions, further sliding cannot take place and the contraction will end |
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Term
| this process continues for a brief period, until: 10 |
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Definition
| muscle relaxation occurs, and the muscle returns passively toward resting length |
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Term
| thousands of elongated, cylindrical fiber cells that lie parallel to one another |
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Definition
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Term
| plasma membrane covering myofibers and surrounding sarcoplasma |
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Definition
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Term
| cell cytoplasm; contains many nuclei lying close to sarcolemma |
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Definition
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Term
| cylindrical structures that compose myofibers; run the partial length of the sarcolemma; consist of two kinds of smaller structures called thin myofilaments and thick myofilaments |
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Definition
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Term
| high energy enzyme molecules; can break down and be sued to convert ADP to ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| network of membranes; stores Ca+ |
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Definition
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Term
| extensions of the sarcolemma that open to the outside of the fiber |
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Definition
| transverse tubules / T tubules |
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Term
| compartments of arranged myofilaments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| length of thick myofilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of thin myofilaments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| light bands / thin myofilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| dark bands / thick myofilaments |
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Term
| anchored to the Z lines and project in both directions, composed mostly of actin |
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Definition
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Term
| each actin molecule contains a myosin-binding site; also contains protein molecules _____ and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| are not anchored to Z lines |
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Definition
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Term
| protein molecule shaped like a golf club |
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Definition
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Term
| the heads of myosin form cross-bridges and contain an _____-binding site and an _____-binding site |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _____ alters permeability of sarcolemma, allowing _____ movement (depolarizes end plate membrane) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the amount of O2 needed to convert lactic acid into CO2 and H2O; is paid back by rapid breathing after exercise |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary, sudden contraction (stomach, eye twitch, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscle spasm without relaxation; due to lack to ATP which is needed to move Ca++ back to sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid, jerky contraction (1-2 seconds) of a muscle in response to single stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle in total (intermittent or continuous) contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained contraction produces by a series of very rapid stimuli to a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| violent, involuntary, tetanic contractions occurring in a series in skeletal muscles |
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Term
| what gives muscle its brownish color? |
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Definition
| myoglobin (due to similar properties of Hgb in blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual increase in the amount of contraction by a muscle caused by rapid, repeated stimuli of the same strength (but not at a fast enough rate to produce tetanus) |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle contraction in which tension on the muscle remains constant, but the muscle shortens and pulls on another structure to produce movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscle contraction in which tension on the muscle increases, but there is minimal muscle shortening so that no movement is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| a sustained, partial contraction of portions of a skeletal muscle in response to activation of stretch receptors (essential for maintaining posture) |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors in the muscle that monitor degree of tone |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles with less than normal tone |
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Term
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Definition
| wasting away of muscles due to loss of myofibrils |
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Term
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Definition
| reverse of atrophy; increase in diameters of muscle fibers due to increased production of myofibrils |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular walls and partition of upper chambers |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular walls and partition of lower chambers |
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Term
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Definition
| separate fibers in a network; an irregular, transverse thickening of the sarcolemma, they strengthen cardiac muscle tissue and aid in nerve impulse conduction from on muscle fiber to another |
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Term
| refractory period (cardiac) |
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Definition
| allows heart to relax between beats |
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Term
| skeletal muscle has _____ refractory period than cardiac muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the increased strength of a contraction resulting from the application of a second stimulus before the muscle has completely relaxed after a previous stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular twitching of individual muscle fibers, or small groups of fibers, preventing effective action by an organ or muscle |
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) smaller or larger than skeletal muscle fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) cell shape |
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Definition
| widest at midpoint and tapered at both ends with centrally located nucleus |
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) sarcoplasm contains thick myofilaments that are (longer/shorter) than skeletal |
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Definition
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) thick and thin myofilaments are not arranged as orderly as in skeletal muscle tissue so there are no _____ |
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Definition
| A or I bands or sarcomeres |
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) intermediate filaments |
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Definition
| are attached to dense bodies which have characteristics similar to Z lines; bundles of intermediate filaments stretch from one dense body to another |
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) sliding filament mechanism |
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Definition
| thick and thin myofilaments during contraction produces tension that is transmitted to intermediate filaments; these in turn pull the dense bodies (attached to sarcolemma) causing a lengthwise shortening of muscle fiber |
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) caveolae |
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Definition
| a less well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum than skeletal, though to function like a transverse tubule and carry nerve impulses to fibers |
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) contraction |
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Definition
| lasts 5-500 times longer than skeletal; can also undergo sustained, long-term done (steady contraction of G.I. tract, arteriole walls that have steady pressure on blood, and in bladder with steady pressure in urine) |
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) stress-relaxation |
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Definition
| fibers are stretched and initially develop increased tension, however the is an almost immediate decrease of the tension; this permits smooth muscle to accommodate great changes in size while still retaining the ability to contact effectively (walls of stomach, intestines, bladder) |
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Term
| (smooth muscle tissue) contract in response to _____ |
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Definition
| nerve impulses, hormones, local factors |
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