Term
| asexual reproduction (3 points) |
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Definition
1 organism
occurs through mitosis
offspring are genetically identical to parent |
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Term
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Definition
| male gamete+ female gamete = zygote |
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Term
| gametogenesis (reason for) |
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Definition
| maintains the number of chromosomes between generations |
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Term
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Definition
n
one set of chromosomes an organism has
in humans 23 |
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Term
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Definition
2n
two sets of chromosomes an organism has
in humans 46 |
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Term
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Definition
sequence of growth and division of a cell
2 main components: interphase and cell division
divides chromosomes between 2 daughter cells |
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Term
| interphase (definition and parts) |
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Definition
interval between nuclear division
G1, S and G2 |
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Term
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Definition
first growth period
increase in amount of cytoplasm and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| spindle fibres connect and line up |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell wall forms/ cell begins to split |
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Term
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Definition
| cleavage furrow/cell plate finished/ formed |
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Term
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Definition
| short segement of sister chromatid |
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Term
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Definition
| long segment of sister chromatid |
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Term
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Definition
generates genetic diverstiy
reduces chromosome number
generates gametes
2 major stages of PMAT |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| meiosis I prophase I (3 points) |
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Definition
chromatin condenses
DNA replicates seperates into homologous pairs
move closer together (synapsis) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
between non sister chromatids
DNA breaks off, rejoins other end of other DNA molecule
instead of 2 sets of genes, we get 4 |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 sister chromatids, homologous pairs |
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Term
| genes _________ are more likely to cross over |
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Definition
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Term
| chromatids may cross over ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| homologous pairs line up because of spindle |
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Term
| meiosis I ananphase I (segregation) |
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Definition
| tetrads seperate with centromeres intact |
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Term
| meiosis I telophase I (2 points) |
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Definition
cytoplasm seperates
now have 2 haploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes line up along equatorial plate |
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Term
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Definition
| centromeres split and chromatids split up |
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Term
| meiosis II telophase II (2 points) |
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Definition
cytokinesis seperates cells
now have 4 haploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| either of the 2 strands of DNA joined together by centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from condensed DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 chromosomes, 4 sister chromatid |
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Term
| non disjunction (3 points) |
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Definition
imperfect cell division in gametes
homologous or sister chromatids fail to separate
mostly fatal, sometimes developmental difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
picture of chromosomes
sorts from largest to smallest |
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Term
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Definition
amniocentesis (liquid surrounding fetus)
chorionic villus sampling (placenta tissue) |
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Term
| parts of a nucleotide (3 points) |
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Definition
5 carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest piece of a strand of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
adenine and guanine
5 and 6 sided carbon rings joined together |
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Term
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Definition
thymine and cytosine
single 6 sided carbon rings |
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Term
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Definition
guanine and cytosine
adenine and thymine |
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Term
| DNA backbones discovered by ____________ in ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the genetic material |
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Term
| point mutations (2 types) |
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Definition
| substitutions and insertions/deletions |
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Term
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Definition
| replace with one nucleotide with another |
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Term
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Definition
| same proteins so no effect |
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Term
| missense mutations (2 points) |
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Definition
different protein is formed
may be transmitted if in gametes |
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Term
| base pair insertions/deletions (3 points) |
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Definition
additions or losses of nucleotide(s)
alters reading frame (frame shift)
usually produces non functional genetic material |
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Term
| group of 3 nucleotides=_______=________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
re-arrangement of parts between non homologous chromosomes
balance of chromosomes still normal
alter phenotype (what is seen) |
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Term
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Definition
| repetition of chromosomal fragment |
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Term
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Definition
portion of chromosome lost
mostly lethal due to missing genes |
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Term
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Definition
spontaneous (just happens)
mutagenic agents (UV, radiation, X rays. chemicals) |
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