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Definition
A mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective info.
used to make ambiguous such as "short" usable in computer systems |
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Definition
| artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival of the fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions |
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| 3 evolutionary principles of genetic algorithms |
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Definition
| selection, crossover, mutation |
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Definition
| or survival of the fittest or giving preference to better outcomes |
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| combining portions of good outcomes to create even better outcomes |
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| randomly trying combinations and evaluating the successss of each |
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Definition
take several possible solutions and combine/recombine until optimal solution
2. work in environment where no model of how to find the right solution exists
(television advertising) |
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Definition
| software that assists you, or acts on your behalf, in performing repetitive computer-related tasks |
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| Types of intelligent agents |
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Definition
| information agents, monitoring and surveillence or predictive, data-mining, user or personal |
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Definition
| intelligent agents that search for info of some kind and bring it back |
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| Ex info agents- buyer agent or shopping bot |
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Definition
| helps you, the customer, find products and services |
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| monitoring and surveillence |
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Definition
| constantly observe and report on some entity of interest, a network, or manufacturing equipment |
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Definition
| operates in a data warehouse discovering info |
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Definition
| intelligent agent that takes action on your behalf |
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| Examples of user or personal agent |
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Definition
| prioritize e-mail,act as gaming partner, assemble customized news reports,fill out forms for you, "discuss" topics with you |
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Definition
| learning from ecosystems and adapting their characteristics to human and organizational situations |
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Definition
1.learn how people-based systems behave
2. predict how they will behave under certain circumstances
3. improve human systems to make them more efficient and effective |
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Definition
| simulating human organizations using multiple intelligent agents, each of which follows a set of simple rules and can adapt to changing conditions |
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Definition
| groups of intelligent agents have the ability to work independently and to interact with each other |
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Term
| Decision support system (DSS) |
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Definition
| highly flexible and interactive system designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured (or is semistructured) |
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Definition
| DSS help you analyze only. You must know or eventually learn how to solve the problem, and how to use the results of the analysis |
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Term
| Model Management Component |
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Definition
| consists of both the DSS models and the model management system |
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Term
| Data management component |
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Definition
| stores and maintains the information that you want your DSS to use (DBMS) |
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| User interface management component |
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Definition
| allows you to communicate with the DSS |
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Definition
| Artificial Intelligence systems to provide additional smarts. |
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| Geographic information system (GIS) |
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Definition
DSS designed to analyze spatial information
Spatial information: map form |
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Term
| Swarm (collective) intelligence |
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Definition
| – the collective behavior of groups of simple agents that are capable of devising solutions to problems as they arise, eventually leading to coherent global patterns |
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Term
| Characteristics of Swarm Intelligence |
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Definition
Flexibility – adaptable to change
Robustness – tasks are completed even if some individuals are removed
Decentralization – each individual has a simple job to do |
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Term
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Definition
A form of Artificial Intelligence
(Machines that think (simulate thinking)
Simulating insect swarm intelligence and behavior
Very different than replicating/simulating human intelligence
Each robot acts independently
Each robot follows simple rules
Such robots can adapt to their environment |
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Term
| Some Applications of swarm intelligence |
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Definition
Nanobots in your body to deliver treatment precisely (chemotherapy and radiation, actual bone repair, even genetic repairs at a subnano level)
Exploration of other planets
Exploration of the oceans, volcanoes, other hazardous locations
Military – battle applications
Rescue Work |
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Definition
The active management of the expertise in an organization; involves collecting, categorizing, and disseminating knowledge
Ancient
Collaboration at the organizational level
Could revolutionize collaboration and computing |
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Definition
| Understanding, awareness, or familiarity acquired through education or experience. Anything that has been learned, perceived, discovered, inferred, or understood. The ability to use information. Knowledge is information in action! |
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Definition
| The modern, global economy, which is driven by what people and organizations know rather than only by capital and labor |
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Term
| Mitre knowledge management system (KMS) |
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Definition
| leverage organizational knowledge effectively through the organization |
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Term
| Characteristics of Knowledge |
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Definition
Extraordinary leverage and increasing returns
Fragmentation, leakage, and the need to refresh
Uncertain value
Uncertain value of sharing
Intellectual capital
The know-how of an organization. Often includes knowledge employees possess |
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Term
| Explicit (leaky) knowledge |
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Definition
| Knowledge that deals with objective, rational, and technical material (data, policies, procedures, software, documents, etc.) |
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Definition
Knowledge usually in the domain of
subjective, cognitive, and experiential
learning. Highly personal and hard to formalize |
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Term
| Knowledge Management System |
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Definition
| A system that facilitates knowledge management by ensuring knowledge flow from the person(s) who know to the person(s) who need to know throughout the organization; knowledge evolves and grows during the process |
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Definition
| An organization capable of learning from its past experience, implying the existence of an organizational memory and a means to save, represent, and share it through its personnel |
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| That which an organization “knows” |
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Definition
The process of capturing knowledge and making it available enterprisewide
Learning skills include:
Openness to new perspectives
Awareness of personal biases
Exposure to unfiltered data
A sense of humility |
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Term
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Definition
Model management component – consists of both the DSS models and the model management system
Data management component – stores and maintains the information that you want your DSS to use (DBMS)
User interface management component – allows you to communicate with the DSS
[Not in book:] Optional: Knowledge component: Artificial Intelligence systems to provide additional smarts. |
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Term
| Geographic information system (GIS) |
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Definition
DSS designed to analyze spatial information
Spatial information: map form
GIS to analyze information, generate business intelligence, and make decisions |
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Definition
| how data are physically arranged, stored, and accessed on a storage device |
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Definition
| Logical view – how you need to arrange and access data to use them |
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Term
| Data definition subsystem |
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Definition
| to create and maintain the data dictionary and structure of the database files |
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Term
| Data dictionary helps you define |
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Definition
Field names
Data types (numeric, etc)
Form (e.g. area code: ###/###-####)
Default values
Required entries, other |
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Term
| Data manipulation subsystem |
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Definition
| to add, change, and delete data in a database, and run queries to create information reports from data |
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Term
| data manipulation subystems includes what and is usually what |
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Definition
Primary interface typically
Includes views, report generators, query-by-example tools, and structured query language (SQL) |
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Term
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Definition
| allows you to see the contents of a database file, make changes, and query it to find information |
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Term
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Definition
| allows you to see the contents of a database file, make changes, and query it to find information |
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Term
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Definition
| to quickly define report formats and the information to display |
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Definition
| helps you graphically design the answer to a question |
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Term
| structured query language |
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Definition
standardized fourth-generation query language found in most DBMSs
Sentence-structure equivalent to QBE
Mostly used by IT professionals |
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Term
| application generation subsystem |
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Definition
– contains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applications
Mainly used by IT professionals |
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Term
| data administration subsystem and what it provides |
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Definition
helps you manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for…
Backup and recovery
Security management
Query optimization
Reorganization
Concurrency control
Change management |
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Definition
| copy of data from a computer |
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Definition
| process of reinstalling the backup info in the event the data is lost |
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Definition
| for CRUD access – create, read, update, and delete |
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Definition
| to minimize response times for large, complex queries |
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Definition
| for physically rearranging the structure of the data according to how you most often access them |
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Definition
| when two people or queries attempt to make changes to the same record (semaphore locks) |
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Definition
| how will structural changes impact the overall database? |
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Definition
| collection of data (from many places) that supports business analysis activities and decision making |
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Term
| data warehouse characteristics |
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Definition
Multidimensional
Rows, columns, and layers
Support decision making, not transaction processing
Contain summaries of data
(aggregates and scrubs (data cleansing))
Not every detail |
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Term
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Definition
| software tools you use to query information in a data warehouse |
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Term
| Query-and-reporting tools |
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Definition
| similar to QBE tools, SQL, and report generators |
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Term
| Multidimensional analysis (MDA tools |
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Definition
| slice-and-dice techniques for viewing multidimensional information |
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Definition
| subset of a data warehouse in which only a focused portion of the data warehouse information is kept |
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Term
| business intelligence(BI) |
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Definition
| collective information about customers, competitors, business partners, competitive environment, and your internal operations for making important, effective, and strategic business decisions |
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Term
| Business intelligence objectives |
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Definition
Help people understand
Capabilities of the organization
State of the art trends and future market directions
Technological, demographic, economic, political, social, and regulatory environments in which the organization competes
Actions of competitors |
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Definition
| displays key information gathered from several sources in a format tailored to the needs and wants of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| function that plans for, oversees the development of, and monitors the information resource |
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Term
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Definition
| function responsible for the more technical and operational aspects of managing organizational data |
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Definition
Related to ownership and responsibility for quality and accuracy
No duplicate information/data
No redundant records with slightly different data, such as the spelling of a customer name
GIGO – Garbage In/Garbage Out: Biggest issue in decision making |
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Term
| knowledge is the only assent an organization has that is not depleted when it is consumed |
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Definition
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Term
| reasons ppl don't like to share knowledge |
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Definition
General lack of time to share knowledge and time to identify colleagues in need of specific knowledge
Apprehension or fear that sharing may reduce or jeopardize people’s job security
Low awareness and realization of the value and benefit of the knowledge others possess
Dominance in sharing explicit over tacit knowledge, such as know-how and experience that requires hands-on learning, observation, dialogue, and interactive problem solving
Use of a strong hierarchy, position-based status, and formal power
Insufficient capture, evaluation, feedback, communication, and tolerance of past mistakes that would enhance individual and organizational learning effects
Differences in experience levels
Lack of contact time and interaction between knowledge sources and recipients
Poor verbal/written communication and interpersonal skills
Age differences
Gender differences
Lack of a social network
Differences in education levels
Ownership of intellectual property due to fear of not receiving just recognition and accreditation from managers and colleagues
Lack of trust in people because they may misuse knowledge or take unjust credit for it
Lack of trust in the accuracy and credibility of knowledge due to the source
Differences in national culture or ethnic background and values and beliefs associated with it |
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Term
| 3 aims of knowledge management initiatives and activities |
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Definition
To make knowledge visible, mainly through maps, yellow pages, and hypertext
To develop a knowledge-intensive culture
To build a knowledge infrastructure |
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Term
| knowledge creation and its 4 modes |
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Definition
Knowledge creation is the generation of new insights, ideas, or routines
Four modes of knowledge creation:
Socialization
Externalization
Internalization
Combination |
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Term
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Definition
Knowledge sharing is the willful explication of one person’s ideas, insights, solutions, experiences to another individual either via an intermediary or directly
In many organizations, information and knowledge are not considered organizational resources to be shared but individual competitive weapons to be kept private |
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Term
| process approach to knowledge management |
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Definition
| Attempts to codify organizational knowledge through formalized controls, processes and technologies |
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Term
| practice approach to knowledge management |
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Definition
| Focuses on building the social environments or communities of practice necessary to facilitate the sharing of tacit understanding |
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Term
| hybrid approach to knowledge management |
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Definition
practice-repository stores only explicit knowledge that is relatively easy to document
tactic-initially stored in the repository is contact info about expers and their areas of expertise |
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Term
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Definition
| In an organization, the best methods for solving problems. These are often stored in the knowledge repository of a knowledge management system |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual storage location of knowledge in a knowledge management system. Similar in nature to a database, but generally text-oriented |
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Definition
KMS follows six steps in a cycle:
Create knowledge
Capture knowledge
Refine knowledge
Store knowledge
Manage knowledge
Disseminate knowledge |
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Term
| KMS are developed using three sets of technologies: |
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Definition
Communication
Collaboration
Storage and retrieval. |
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Term
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Definition
| best way to transfer knowledge |
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Term
| Technologies that support knowledge management |
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Definition
Artificial intelligence
Intelligent agents
Knowledge discovery in databases
Extensible Markup Language (XML) |
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Term
| Artificial intelligence used in KMS |
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Definition
Assist in and enhance searching knowledge
Help establish knowledge profiles of individuals and groups
Help determine the relative importance of knowledge when it is contributed to and accessed from the knowledge repository |
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Term
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Definition
Scan e-mail, documents, and databases to perform knowledge discovery, determine meaningful relationships, glean knowledge, or induce rules for expert systems
Identify patterns in data (usually through neural networks)
Forecast future results by using existing knowledge
Provide advice directly from knowledge by using neural networks or expert systems
Provide a natural language or voice command–driven user interface for a KMS |
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Term
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Definition
Intelligent agents are software systems that learn how users work and provide assistance in their daily tasks
They are used to elicit and identify knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
Intelligent agents are software systems that learn how users work and provide assistance in their daily tasks
They are used to elicit and identify knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| A machine learning process that performs rule induction, or a related procedure to establish knowledge from large databases |
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Term
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Definition
| A machine learning process that performs rule induction, or a related procedure to establish knowledge from large databases |
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Term
| Model Marts- knowledge discovery in databases |
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Definition
| Small, generally departmental repositories of knowledge created by employing knowledge-discovery techniques on past decision instances. Similar to data marts. Also see model warehouses |
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Term
| model warehouses in knowledge discovery in databases |
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Definition
| Large, generally enterprisewide repositories of knowledge created by employing knowledge-discovery techniques on past decision instances. Similar to data warehouses. Also see model marts |
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Term
| extensible markup language |
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Definition
| XML enables standardized representations of data structures so that data can be processed appropriately by heterogeneous systems without case-by-case programming |
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Term
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Definition
| technology tools that support knowledge management |
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Term
| Enterprise knowledge portals(EKP) |
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Definition
| an electronic doorway into a knowledge management system |
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Term
| electronic document management (EDM) |
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Definition
| A method for processing documents electronically, including capture, storage, retrieval, manipulation, and presentation |
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Term
| content management systems(CMS) |
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Definition
| An electronic document management system that produces dynamic versions of documents, and automatically maintains the current set for use at the enterprise level |
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Term
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Definition
| person in charge of a knowledge management effort in an organization |
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Term
| roles of ppl in knowledge mgmt |
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Definition
Set knowledge management strategic priorities.
Establish a knowledge repository of best practices.
Gain a commitment from senior executives to support a learning environment.
Teach information seekers how to ask better and smarter questions.
Establish a process for managing intellectual assets.
Obtain customer satisfaction information in near real-time.
Globalize knowledge management |
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Term
| skills required of a cko include |
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Definition
Interpersonal communication skills
Leadership skills
Business acumen
Strategic thinking
Collaboration skills
The ability to institute effective educational programs
An understanding of IT and its role in advancing knowledge management |
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Term
| CEO role in knowledge mgmt |
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Definition
| champoining a knowledge mgmt effort |
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Term
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Definition
make available the resources needed to get the job doneCFO ensures that the financial resources are available
COO ensures that people begin to embed knowledge management practices into their daily work processes
CIO ensures IT resources are available |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people in an organization with a common professional interest, often self-organized for managing knowledge in a knowledge management system |
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Term
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Definition
Reduce loss of intellectual capital
Reduce costs by decreasing the number of times the company must repeatedly solve the same problem
Reduce redundancy of knowledge-based activities
Increase productivity
Increase employee satisfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Interactive computerized systems that help employees find and connect with colleagues who have expertise required for specific problems—whether they are across the county or across the room—in order to solve specific, critical business problems in seconds |
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Term
| factors leading to mgmt success |
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Definition
A link to a firm’s economic value, to demonstrate financial viability and maintain executive sponsorship
A knowledge-friendly culture that leads directly to user support
A clear purpose and language, to encourage users to buy into the system
A change in motivational practices, to create a culture of sharing
Multiple channels for knowledge transfer
A technical and organizational infrastructure on which to build
A standard, flexible knowledge structure to match the way the organization performs work and uses knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
Failing to pick up the signals in the environment that might have suggested a change in strategy or product focus
Neglecting the creative process of new knowledge creation—applying yesterday’s solutions to tomorrow’s problems |
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