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| Battle formation for hoplites |
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| Conflicts between the Greek and Persians. Caused by Persian desire to expand into areas where Athens had vital grain sources. Greeks win due to stronger navy (Athens’ navy). Post war, sailors and hoplites to gain political status/influence for their service. |
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| Fought between Greek polis states (typically Sparta and Athens). These wars illustrate issues in foreign and domestic policies in belligerent states, costs of drawn out conflicts, and ideological sacrifices needed to achieve victory. Athens lose when they supply lines are cut and are starved to death. |
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| 3 series of war between Carthage and Rome |
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| Rome intervenes with Carthaginian affairs, Rome also demands their withdrawal from Sicily. Carthage loses when the Romans isolate their city and starve them. |
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| makes too many demands of Carthage, instigating the 2nd war. Carthaginians army spearheaded by Hannibal. Later defeated by Romes’ Scipio when he turns Carthages allies against them. |
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| Rome decides to eliminate Carthage to prevent future conflicts. |
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| consisted of 30 maniples (120-160 armored infantry) arranged to have recruits up front, veterans in the middle, and oldest in the back. |
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| Fall of the Western Empire |
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| Rome falls.This is due to their empire allowing Visigoths to settle in their empire and join their army; soon after they turned on them while Goths attacked Italy. By 476, Rome was no more. |
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| Carolingian Empire (8th-10th century) |
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| Empire under the Franks. Used predatory conquest to build an empire under Charlemagne. Originated somewhere between France and Germany. Failed due to family disputes during war. Created a feudal system. |
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| Part of a feudal system, Vassals were given land for serving lords. Vassals then let fiefs live on the land in exchange for working on and maintaining the land. |
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| William I of England “The Conqueror” |
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| duke of Normans from 1035-1087 and king of England from 1066-1087. Fought various wars to solidify his power. Typically used a strategy of exhaustion, waged war through alliances. |
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| William I fights against Harold’s forces. William (English) win since they can mobilize resources better (logistically proficient). Somehow managed to catch harold’s army at the right time and decisively engage and destroy them. |
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| war fought to reclaim the holy lands from non-Christians. Used an appeal to religion by offering redemption for service. |
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| defensive structures that serve as a home and base of operations for a royal families military. |
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| Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) |
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| war mainly waged between the English and French. Several basic warfare concepts changed, such as: infantry being on par with cavalry in terms of effectiveness, concept of a standing army, and artillery revolutions. Charles VII ultimately wins (for France... King Henry VI was king of England, who lost) |
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| Decisive engagement where the English infantrymen (bowmen) proved better than French Cavalry. |
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| Battle of Agincourt (1415) |
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| Decisive engagement where France had more soldiers and still lost. English were able to envelop the French while they charged into a hail of arrows. |
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| Infantry Revolution of the 14th Century |
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| Infantry become better armed and able to fend off cavalry. Mastered tactics of halting cavalry charge and counter-attacking. Small use of guerilla tactics and raiding. |
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| changes began during the dutch revolt against Catholic Spain. Infantry begins to fire successively by rank to mass firepower. Emphasis on revolution in tactics and technology. Expansion of armies. Also marked beginning of siege warfare and standing armies. |
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| Revolution in Military Affairs |
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| Iot to sustain large scale warfare, it was necessary to change the relationship between people and the military. More efforts were made to appeal to them to gain their support and resources. Media was used to influence the people more. |
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| rehearsals to master tactics, such as firing volleys and envelopment. |
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| caused by territorial claims, religious disputes, legal rights, and structural reform for Europe. Specifically between the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburgs over territorial claims in Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. Also conflicts between the Habsburgs since nobles were protestant but ruling families were catholic. |
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| demonstrated tactical deployments transition into combined arms op between cav,inf, and arty. |
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| Holy Roman Emperor ends up compromising with everyone. Also marked beginning of sovereign states in Europe.- |
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| combination of being a political and military leader. Established by King LouisXIV |
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| Francois Michel Le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois |
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| important agent for asserting control, Helped established rank hierarchy,punishments for disobedience. |
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| french term. Embraced the concept of service and meritocracy |
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| Battle Culture of Forbearance |
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| tactical idea that mastering tactics based on discipline worked for every soldier and that their discipline would make them more combat effective. |
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| creating a state that uses mil funds |
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| settled issue of English Succession. Parliament didn’t want a standing army. Parliament can influence finances and therefore influences the military and national security policy. |
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| Wars of Spanish Succession |
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| caused by who gets the Spanish Throne between French and Austirans. Ends up with the Spanish and French fighting most of Europe for it. Ends with British getting more out of it by using their fiscal resources and naval power. |
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| John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough |
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| commander of Anglo-Dutch forces who wanted to engage them decisively. |
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| turning point of conflict, many battles taken on Iberian peninsula. |
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| many fortresses recaptured by French, but French are beginning to lose initiative. |
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| French engineer, made defensive emplacements |
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| Everyone got something. Throne went to Phillipe (French). Charles the IV got Italian Netherlands, Brits got Gibraltar, port Mahon, and Newfoundland. |
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| waged only by regular forces under political control, in accordance with norms of conduct |
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| French commander who relied on seizing and maintaining the initiative in battle. Used skillful maneuvers to take fortresses. |
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| Greatest French victory in this time period due to good French engineer corps and a change in the balance of political and military power. |
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| ambitious Prussian leader who wages war with Britain against Austria, Russia, and France. Maintained a standing army and used preemptive strikes. |
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| Battle of Rossbach (5 Nov 1757) |
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| use of combined arms units and importance of fire superiority. Great victory for Frederick. |
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| Another victory for Frederick. Faints a withdrawals then ambushes the Austrians. |
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| new ways of operating diplomatically with other nations |
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| China gets involved in the war for a little while, shifts everyone’s attention |
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| deceiftful version of war consisting of ambushes, feinting, and overall deception of the enemy. Also included isolation. Used by native Americans. Almost like guerilla warfare |
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| Exploration, Local Agency, and Imperial Agency |
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| exploration lead to the discovery of different areas. This lead to the establishment of local agencies which included militias and merchants who expanded settlements. This eventually lead to imperial agency, where officials from the parent nation would come and regulate the settlement |
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| war between Britain and france. Spread from America to all around the world since the British used their naval power to attack French colonies. |
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| british general. Did poorly since he never had field command, did not understand his enemies. Not an effective leader. |
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| French settlement in North America. |
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| Stamp Act, Coercive Intolerable Acts |
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| laws imposed on the colonists that created resistance |
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| armies built from poorly trained civilians for low level defense, like a town army. |
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| Commander of continental forces. Founding father. Unofficial ranger |
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| foundation of contemporary army. |
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| showed lack of british intel. Colonists fight in successive volleys and cause massive casualties for the Brits, but end up losing the ground. |
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| Trenton and Princeton-Trenton |
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| colonists able to surprise, engage, and destroy Hessians in Garrison. Princeton: Washington surprises british forces and push them back to Morristown. |
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| Brits begin from Quebec and attempt to take Albany. Colonists manage to beat French due to British incompetencies. |
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| British General during the Saratoga Campaign. Made bad decisions, exhausted his troops and left them vulnerable to the continental army. |
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| Washington loses to brits, get out-maneuvered and flanked; British manage to take Philadelphia. |
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| Turning point of the War. French intervene and help train colonists |
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| French Alliance-French enter the war to support colonists and get revenge on the colonists. |
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| Brits believed the south had more loyalists. Encountered guerilla warfare from some colonists. |
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| campaigns held in georgia |
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| British commander. Highly competent. |
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| war based on who garners the most support from people. |
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| Battle where Americans drew the british in, wore them down with volley fires, then finished them with cavalry |
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| not very successful with gaining victories, but did well with undermining British and wearing them down. |
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| Combination of colonists’ ground troops and French naval forces were effective against british |
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| Comte De Guibert (Arty tactics) |
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| massing fire to destroy part of the front, or where the point of victory would be. |
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| method of creating nationalism ideals. |
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| “Careers Open to Talents” |
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| Napoleon’s official way of starting a meritocracy. Not just nobles in command, but whoever is good at it. |
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| Levee en masse (23 Aug 1793) |
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| mass mobilization of French resources to support army. |
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| came up with the idea of a centralized position to divide and conquer |
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| French leader who would rise to power and conquer most of Europe. A “one trick pony?” Relied on decisive engagements. |
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| Gribeauval System of Artillery |
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| limited gun sizes to maximize mobility and firepower. |
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| massing fire at the point of victory |
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| French victory that bolstered Napoleon’s prestige. |
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| peace between French and Austrians. Marks end of French Revolutionary Wars, End of Italian Campaign, collapse of 1st coalition |
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| essentially incorporation of specialized BCT’s |
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| Napoleon’s badass army that later lost its effectiveness. |
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| square formation that enabled versatile actions from units. |
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| formed by brits who feared French, Austrians who wanted revenged, and Russians who wanted to prevent a revolution |
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| campaign characterized by quick French movements and willingness to accept political issues for military success. Cut Austrians from Russians. |
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| Napoleon defeats Russians and Prussians despite being outnumbered, destroyed political will of the enemy, army good at foraging. |
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| Battle of Jena-Auessteradt |
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| French Army demonstrates ability to wage war with their legs by outmaneuvering enemies. British still flexible |
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| Battles of Eylau and Friedland |
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| Transition from stalemate at Eylau to smashing the Russian Army at Friedland |
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| ended 4th coalition, took lands from Austrians, made duchy of warsaw and kingdom of westphalia |
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| French win against Austrians but not by normal means, they end up just firing artillery at each other until Austrians pull out |
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| idea that isolating british footholds on continental Europe will make them surrender/neutralize them as a threat. |
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| French war waged on the Iberian peninsula to make Portugal do their bidding |
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| Russian stand against French forces as they invade Russia, French manage to break through after taking massive casualties |
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| unconventional warfare stemmed from angry Spaniards. |
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| spaniards who want to fuel guerilla warfare |
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| city that demonstrated fantacism in Spain |
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| General responsible for re-organizing the Prussian army so well. |
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| demand of the dissolution of the duchy of Warsaw, Prussian expansion to the east, Austria gains the adriactic coast, freedom of cities in North Germany. If these terms were refused, Austrian would join the fight. |
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| Trachenberg-Reichenbach Plan |
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| Armies of Prussia, Austria, and Russia will form an arc around French forces to draw Napoleon into attacking one, which would get him envelop him |
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| napoleon finally loses. Also loses foothold in Germany. |
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| How reason(government policies), passion (people), and chance during military operations change the effectiveness of any operation |
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| when a structure inhibits the ability to perform. |
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| Basically why we’re doing it, what needs to be done to be successful, and how we’re going to do it. |
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