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| the most sacred text of the Hebrew Bible, including its first five books |
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| considered to be father of the Israelite people |
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| a binding agreement; specifically, in the Jewish tradition, the binding agreement God made with Abraham |
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| Israelite who renewed God's covenant with the Israelites |
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| the strong and wise second king of Israel, united tribes into a single nation |
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| son of David who followed him as king, who undertook the task of turning the city of Jerusalem into an impressive capital |
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| relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority |
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| a holy day for rest and worship |
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| spiritual leader who interprets God's will |
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| moral standards of behavior |
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| the spreading of the Jews beyond their historic homeland |
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| an ancient Minoan city on the island of Crete |
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| altar, chapel or other sacred place |
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| colorful painting completed on west plaster |
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| in Greek epic poems and myths, a ten-year war between Mycenae and the city of Troy in Asia Minor |
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| a blind poet who wandered from village to village, singing of heroic deeds |
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| city-state in ancient Greec |
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| highest and most fortified point within a Greek city-state |
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| a native or resident of a town or city |
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| government in which a kind or queen exercises central power |
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| government headed by a privileged minority or upper class |
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| government in which ruling ower belongs to a few people |
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| in ancient Greece, a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers |
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| city-state in ancient Greece |
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| a city-state in ancient Greece |
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| government in which the people hold ruling power |
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| in ancient Greece, ruler who gained power by force |
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| formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense |
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| an able statesman with wise and skillful leadership |
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| system of government in which citizens participate directly in the day-to-day affairs of government ratehr than through elected representatives |
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| a fixed salary given to public office holders |
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| legal group of people sworn to make a decision in a legal case |
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| practice used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy |
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| someone who seeks to understand and explain life; a person who studies philosophy |
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| an Athenian stonemason and philosopher |
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| student of Socrates who told us most of what we know about Socrates |
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| Plato's most famous student who developed his own ideas about government |
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| the chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece |
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| in ancient Greece, a play about human suffering often ending in disaster |
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| in ancient Greece, play that mocked people or social customs |
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| the architect of the new era after Athens fell |
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| Father of Alexander the Great who gained the throne in 359 B.C. |
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| murder of a public figure, usually for political reasons |
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| absorb or adopt another culture |
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| an ancient Hellenistic city in Egypt |
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| mathematician who derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle |
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| based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe |
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| the most famous Hellenistic scientist who applied principles of physics to make practical inventions |
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| the Greek physician who studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures |
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| a people who inhabited early Italy |
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| system of government in which oficials are chosen by the people |
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| in ancient Rome, member of the landholding upper class |
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| in ancient Rome, official from the patrician class who supervised the government and commanded the armies |
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| ruler who has complete control over a government; in ancient Rome, a leader appointed to rule for six months in times of emergency |
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| in ancient Rome, member of the lower class, including farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders |
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| in ancient Rome, official who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests |
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| block a government action |
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| basic unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 soldiers |
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| domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region |
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| huge estates bought up by newly wealthy Roman citizens |
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| a young plebeian how elected a tribune, and called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers |
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| a young plebeian who elected a tribune and sought a wider range of reforms |
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| an ambitious military commander who is known for the words "Veni, vidi, vici" = "I came, I saw, I conquered" |
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| Octavian, grandnephew of Caesar, was given this name Exalted One and declared him princeps |
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| one of the "good" emperors who codified Roman law |
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| poet who wrote the epic poem, the Aeneid |
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| picture made from chips of colored stone or glass |
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| application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines |
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| in ancient Rome, underground or bridgelike stone structure that carried water from the hills into the cities |
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| astronomer-mathematician who proposed hist theory that the Earth was the center of the universe |
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| leader or teacher of a new faith |
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| a Jew from Asia Minor, who played the most influential role in spreading Christianity |
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| person who suffers or dies for his or her beliefs |
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| emperor who issued the Edict of Milan |
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| the body of people who conduct Christian services |
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| high-ranking Church official with authority over a local area, or diocese |
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| in the Roman and Byzantine empires, hightest church official in a major city |
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| head of the Roman Catholic Church; in ancient Rome, bishop of Rome who cliamed authority over all other bishops |
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| religious belief that is contrary to the official teachings of a church |
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| greatest of the early Church scholars, bishop of Hippo in North Africa |
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| emperor of Rome set out to restore order |
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| economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available |
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| the capital of the eastern Roman empire; capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, now called Istanbul |
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| a nomadic people of central Asia |
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| soldier serving in a foreign army for pay |
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| warrior king of the Franks |
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| referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history between ancient and modern times |
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| a Germanic tribe that conquered present day France and neighboring lands in the 400s |
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| rallied Frankish warriors when Muslim army crossed into France |
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| battle in 732 in which the Chrisian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe |
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| grandson of Charles Martel, became known as Charles the Great |
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| a new wave of nomadic people who settled in present-day Hungary |
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| they broke the last threads of unity in charlemagne's empire |
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| loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to greater lord |
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| in medieval Europe, a lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord |
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| exchange of pledges between lords and vassals |
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| in medieval Europe, an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exhange for service and loyalty |
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| a European noble who served as a mounted warrior |
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| a mock battle in which knigts would compete against one another to display their fighting skills |
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| code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages |
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| a wandering poet or singer of medieval Europe |
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| during the Middle Ages in Europe, a lord's estate which included one or more villages and the surrounding lands |
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| in medieval Europe, a peasant bound to the lord's land |
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| sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a mon, regulating monastic life. The Rule emphasizes obedienc, overty, and chastity and divides the day into periods of worship, work and study |
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| having to do with worldy, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious |
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| the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers |
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| exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law |
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| in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom |
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| a medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor |
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| founded the first order of friars, the Fransiscans |
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| in the Middle Ages, a written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town |
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| money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise |
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| a group of merchants who joined together to finance a large-scale venture that would have been too costly for any individual trader |
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| someone who would pay rent to a lord to farm part of the lord's land |
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| a group of people, including merchants, traders, and artisans, whose rank was between nobles and peasants |
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| in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interestes |
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| a young person learning a trade from a master |
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| a salaried worker employed by a guild master |
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| became the king of England on Christmas Day 1066 |
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| a legal system based on custom and court rulings |
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| legal group of people sworn to make a decision in a legal case |
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| son of Henry II, a clever, cruel and untrustworthy ruler |
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| the Great Charter approved by King John of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen |
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| the requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does |
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| principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime |
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| the legislature of England, and later of Great Britain |
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| a deeply religious man, who, in 1226 became King of France |
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| empire of west central Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring lands |
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| crowned king of Germany in 1054; later became Holy Roman emperor |
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| pope while Henry IV was king |
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| appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy |
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| "Red Beard", the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I |
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| took office in 1198, and claimed supremacy over all other rulers |
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| a series of wars from the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims |
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| Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached |
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| was asked for Christian knights to help Byzantine emperor Alexius I fight the Muslim Turks |
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| during the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain |
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| a couple who created the unified state called Spain and made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada |
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| a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy |
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| in medieval Europe, the school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief |
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| famous scholastic who concluded in his work Summa theologica, that faith and reason exist in harmony |
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| everyday language of ordinary people |
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| Italian poet who wrote Divine Comedy |
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| English writer, wrote the Canterbury Tales |
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| type of European architecture that develope in the Middle Gaes, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs |
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| stone supports on the outside of a building that allowed builders to construct higher, thinner walls that contained large stained-glass windows |
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| the artistic decoration of books and manuscripts |
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| an epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s |
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| outbreak of a rapidly spreading disease |
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| economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available |
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| permanent division in a church |
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| six-foot-long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor |
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