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| The study of Life, at any of its many levels -from the smallest cells to the entire biosphere including how living things interact with each other and their environment |
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| Living organisms have the ability to: |
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Regulate their internal environment
Grow and develop
Use energy in metabolic process
Respond to their environment
Reproduce
Undergo natural selection and evolution |
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| Bacteria and Archaea contain organisms composed of ... |
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| The Domain Eukarya contains organisms made of ... |
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| the branch of biology that deals with naming and classifying organisms |
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| The first part genus or generic name for the organism is always capitalized . The second part is specific epithet and is always lower case |
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| branch of biology that investigates relationships between organisms |
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| Linnaean system of grouping organisms |
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
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Plantae
Animalia
Monera ( prokaryotic organisms bacteria and relatives)
Fungi (mostly multicellular eukaryotes digest food outside body)
Protista (all eukaryotes that dont fit in other kingdoms mostly single celled eukaryotic organisms and multicellular algae) |
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Eukarya ( contains all eukaryotic organisms including the three kingdoms plantae, Animalia, and Fungi , protists)
Bacteria
Archaea |
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| important for describing the world around us and drawing general conclusions from a set of detailed and repeatable observations. |
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| allows us to predict and verify specific results based on one or more general premises " if ...then" approach. |
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Observation
Develope hypothesis
make predictions
test predictions
analyz results draw conclusions
report results |
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| the conclusion is probably true when the premises (initial info) are true (instead of absolutely true)...probable conclusion not certainty. |
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| if A is true than B is true. |
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| a process of change i the traits of species or population over generations |
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| life follows a gradual linear organization from lifless matter at the bottom and the more complex at the top...later became the CHAIN OF BEING, each organism is a link in the chain of life. |
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| Carolus Linnaeus, nested catagories |
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| Small groups belong to to larger groups and those to even larger. |
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| Theory of evolution by natural selection. |
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The fossil record
biogeography
comparative anatomy
molecular biology |
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| physical eveidence of a past organism |
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| because the conditions for a fossil are rare and most organisms decay before they can become fossils the record is not a complete record of all life on earth. |
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| historical timeline of the events on earth derrived from the fossil record |
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| study of patterns in the geographic distribution of living fossil organisms |
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| structures in different organisms that have similar forms but serve different functions |
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| The remnants of the structure in an organism that no-longer have a fuction. |
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The study of early developmental stages where an organism is considerd an embryo.
many organisms that are very different as adults are very similar as embryos |
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doesn't show common ancestry.
structures with similar outward appearance and function but different underlying structures. |
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| extract biomolecules from the cells of oranisms to comapare their genetic makeup |
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| inheritence of of aquired characteristics |
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| a flawed cocept proposed by Jean baptiste de Lamarck |
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Term
geologist Caharles Lyell
Principle of unifomitarianism |
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| The same geologic processes seen today such as erosion and tectonic movement have always occured and have shaped the surface of the earth. |
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Term
economits Thomas Malthus
competition for limited resources
and overproduction |
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Definition
| if all the offspring survived the world would quickly be overrun by any single species , but only some individuals survive each generation. |
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| increase in porportion of favorable traits in a population from one generation to the next. |
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| Biological species concept |
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| a population that has the ability to interbreed and generate fertile offspring |
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temporal isolation
habitat isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation |
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hybrid inviability
hybrid sterility
hybrid break down |
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| speciation happens to a population living in seperate areas divided by some type of geograhic barrier |
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| speciation happens to populations living in the same area |
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| morophological species concept |
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| speices are defined by their appearence and underlying structural similarities. |
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| ecological species concept |
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| species defined by their role in the evironment |
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| phylogenic species concept |
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| species defined by evolutionary groupings |
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Definition
| majority of species on eath went extinct in a relativley short time. |
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| types of natural selection |
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Definition
Directional( one trait becomes more prominent over the rest in an extreem case)
Stabalizing ( the average trait becomes prminent)
Disruptive ( both extreems become prominent over the average) |
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Term
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Definition
| traits change because genes are added or removed due to migration. |
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the frequency of traits may change because of random events( large storm).
BOTTLENECK EFFECT...this may cause a small population with few forms of trait left. |
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| colonizing individuals represtent a very small but random sampling of the original populaton but not the full range. |
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| vary in number of neutrons |
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| substances with at least two elements in a fixed ratio |
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| compounds held together by chemical bonds |
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| the oposite charges of an anion and cation attract each other the attraction is the ionic bond |
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| when atoms share electrons |
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| the nucleus of two atoms shares the electrons with equal force. |
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| electrons amung two atoms are not shared equaly |
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| only in polar covalent bonds...when the positve and negative sides of a covalent bond attract another covalent bond |
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Cohesion and Adhesion( capilary action)
Temperature Moderation ( water has a high specific heat)
Ice Floats (less dense orderly arrangment of hydrogen bonds)
Solvent of Life (water mixes with polar hydrophilic molecules andnot so well with non-polar hydrophobic molecules)
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| some water moecules are broken into ions |
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| each unit changes by a multiple of 10 |
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| if a compound has only hydrogen attached to the carbonds |
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Definition
hydroxyl group-OH (alchohols)
Carbonyl group-C=o (sugars)
Carboxyl group -cooH (acids)
Amino Group-NH2(acid )
Phosphate groups-opo3 (ATP) |
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Definition
| small subunits of molecules |
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Hydroxyl groups from two adjacent monomers react..ex
Dehydration reaction(water being removed)
Cleavage reaction (breaks polymers apart into monomers using water) |
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Definition
primarily function as energy storage molecules
include monosaccharides that make disaccharides and more complex polysaccharides |
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fats includes oils (triglycerides) and molecules like phospholipids, cholesterol,steroids and waxes...made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
cannot be difine dby structure
nonpolar molecules cant dissolve in water
functions include energy storage, components of membranes, insulation, and hormones |
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Definition
function in cell structure and metabolism
have a central carbon
are made of combinations of amino acids
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| primary structure of a protein |
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| order of amino acids in a chain called the polypeptide |
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| Secondary structure of protein |
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Definition
| involves specific folding or bending either an alpha helix or a pleated sheet |
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| 3-d structure fiberous or globular shape |
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| last layer of the structure |
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| nucleotoid is the monomer either DNA r RNA |
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