Term
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Definition
| metal shortcuts our brains use to arrive at a conclusion |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| like goes with like. hoodie in alley example |
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Definition
| when we judge the probability of something by how common it is in the general population. cops on a road |
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Definition
| judge the probability of something based on how quick it comes to mind |
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Definition
| systematic errors in thinking |
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Definition
| i knew it all along. overestimate how well we anticipated something |
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Definition
| overestimate our ability to make correct predictions |
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Term
| biases and heuristics good |
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Definition
| help brain overload and organization |
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Term
| biases and heuristics bad |
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Definition
| research methods can guard against |
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Term
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Definition
| watching subjects in their natural setting |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences ( can manipulate based on control) |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which we can generalize our findings to real world setings |
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Definition
| examine one person or a small group of people over an extended period of time. good because can help test new techniques but bad because it an be the exception rather than the rule |
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Definition
| the relation between two variables. -1 , 0 1 |
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Definition
| when we believe two items are associated when they are not (mozart and baby) |
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Term
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Definition
| pay more attention to all the boxes. cat sleeping near lady who dies |
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Term
| correlation does not equal... |
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Definition
| causation, as ice cream sales rise so does crime. third variable: hot temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| only design that allows causal inferences. |
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Term
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Definition
| assigning people to one of two groups: the experimental and controlled group |
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Term
| manipulation of independent variable |
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Definition
| the variable that is manipulated. added, removed increased |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable that is measured to see if the iv had an effect |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that causes differences in between experimental and control groups other that iv (different majors) |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects report improvement when given something we kNOW has NO EFFECT (fake pill, shot) |
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Term
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Definition
| harm results from expectation of harm. (voodoo) |
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Term
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Definition
| rosenthal effect. when an experimenter unintentionally influences the outcome (hanze the horse) |
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Term
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Definition
| participants knowledge that they are being watched effect their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| situational factors that influence participants (think their going to feel car sick they will more) |
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Term
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Definition
| consistence of measurement |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which multiple tests over time correlate with each other. has to be .8 or higher |
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Term
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Definition
| people doing the same experiment come up with the same diagnosis. need 100% |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a measure assess what it claims to measure |
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Term
| a test must be reliable to be |
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Definition
| valid. a test can be reliable but invalid |
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Term
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Definition
good- easy to administer, cheap
bad- assumes insight and honesty |
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Term
| positive impression management |
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Definition
| circle answers to make themselves look good |
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Term
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Definition
| circle answers to make themselves look worse because they want help |
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Term
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Definition
| the person rating them knows something good about them and lets that affect their judgement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| error of central tendency |
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Definition
| will not use 1 or 5 on a 1 to 5 scale |
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Term
| institutional review boards |
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Definition
| debriefing, freedom from discomfort, privacy, animal rights |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| make predictions about future data based on present data |
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Term
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Definition
| used to determine if differences we find in our samples are likely to occur by chance alone |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are specialized for communication with each other, conduct info to and from one another |
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Term
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Definition
| from senses to cns, from cns to muscles and glands, between neurons only in cns |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| direction of travel of electrical connection. they are long extensions from the cell boy that transmit nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| central portion of the cell, responsible for protein synthesis and production of new cell components |
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Term
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Definition
| extensions from the cell body that receive information from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| knob like structures at the end of he axon that contains synaptic vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical responses . happens between neurons only |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical responses. happens within neurons only. electric impulse that travels down the axon, followed by absolute refractory period |
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Term
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Definition
| chem molecules that act as messsengers between neurons; travel across synaptic cleft to bind with post synaptic membrane according to shape |
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Term
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Definition
| sacks of NT's in the axon terminal that release the NT's into the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the synaptic cleft and the pre and post synaptic membranes which are specialized membranes that have flexible permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| space between two neurons across which between neuron communication happens, area between two neurons into which the NT's released |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotramistters bind with receptor sites on post synaptic neuron based shape. binding opens channels in post synaptic neurons which is the basic for action potential |
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Term
| different from graded potentials |
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Definition
1. action potentials are all or none
2. regenerative- propagates all the way to the terminal
3. positive charge flows rapidly in and then out
4. always positive |
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Term
| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| time during which another action potential is impossible. |
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Term
| neurons communicate using which two processes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
10 times more than neurons
form. 2..... respond to injury, clean up debris |
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Term
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Definition
| speed up electrical impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bumps in the skull corespond to enlargements of brain areas |
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Term
| electroencephalograph eec |
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Definition
| measures electrical activity in the brain and shows areas of activity during performane of specific tasks |
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Term
| transmagnetic stimulation tms |
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Definition
| technique that applies magnetic fields to skull to enhance or interpret brain function. treat depression but finds weird things |
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Term
| right and left part of brain |
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Definition
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Term
| sexual reproductive glands |
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Definition
tests: testosterone
ovaries: estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| system of glands that release hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| master gland. growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| emergency centers. secret cortisol which responds to stress |
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Term
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Definition
| 3d picture using xrays. give good static imagines better for soft tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| brain response to magnetic fields. give good static imagines better for soft tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| low resolution brain activity. functional technique best used for high detail moving images |
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Term
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Definition
| low resolution brain activity. functional technique best used for high detail moving images |
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Term
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Definition
| the communication network |
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Term
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Definition
| receive sensory messages, organize the integrate input with existing information, use info to respond (send messages to muscles and glands) |
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Term
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Definition
| brain and spinal chord (encased in bone) receives sensory info and outputs info or reponses |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous outside the cns ( not encased in bone) |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary. involved in regulation of emotion, governed by the limbic system, processe info about internal states, controsl heart, respiration, perspiration, and endocrine system. sympathetic and parasympathetic work at same time |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary, sensory and motor. interface between cns and pns . carries messages from cns through body to control voluntary movement. executes movement triggered by cns |
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Term
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Definition
| activates under stress. activates flight or fight response. dilated pupils, racing heart... |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains body functions. rest and digestion. active after sympathetic ns. restores homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| bark outside of the brain. analyses sensory info. responsible for higher brain functions, think, talk, reason |
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Term
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Definition
| large bundles of fibers that connects the two hemispheres and lets them talk to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| motor function, memory, language, oversees other mental functions (executive) |
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Term
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Definition
| bodily movement. each area controls a specific part of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| somatosensory cortex: sensitive to temperature, pressure, pain. hurt left ( cant do math ). hurt right ( no control of left side of body) |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory cortex: hearing understanding language, storing autobiographical memories |
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Term
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Definition
| dedicated to vision, larger in species that depend more on sight |
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Term
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Definition
| helps control movement, involved in reward begaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| interacts with the cortex. helps control movement, involved in memory, selevtive attention, and dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory gateway to cerebral cortex ( sensory info passes through) |
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Term
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Definition
| contains structures involved in movement , tracking of visual stimuli, and reflectes triggered by sound |
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Term
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Definition
| important for arousal awake and alert. activates cortex by increasing signal to noise ration, rise and shine |
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Term
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Definition
| balance and coordinate motor movements (cat) |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates breathing, heartbeat, and other vital function; damage can result in brain death |
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Term
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Definition
| extend throughout the entire brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional center of the brain. smell, motivation and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the regulator. oversees endocrine and and maintains internal states, many roles in emotion most areas multi task ( eating and sex ) |
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Term
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Definition
| excitement, arousal, fear, emotional learning |
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Term
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Definition
| activates when emotions are expressed. contributes to social behavior in complex situations |
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Term
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Definition
| spatial memory, integrates emotional and cognitive info. damage causes difficulties forming new memories |
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Term
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Definition
| the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms hat arise when a situation stains our ability to cope effectively |
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Term
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Definition
| tackle stressors head on in a practical manner an you want to find a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| deal with stressors by taking a positive perspective and engaging in behaviors that reduce painful emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on the psychological an physiological reactions to stressful circumstances. depression, hopelessness, hostility, blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| stress hormone that activates the body and prepares it for stress |
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Term
| social readjustment rating scale |
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Definition
43 life events ranked in terms of stress
good: number of events correlated with psychological an physiological disorders.
bad: doesn't take into consideration coping ability |
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Term
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Definition
| measures how stressful events impact our adjustment . frequency is a better prediction of physical health than major life events are |
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Term
| general adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
| 3 stages in stress response. |
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Term
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Definition
| excites automatic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| adapt to stressor and finds ways to cope |
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Term
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Definition
| when stressor is chronic and uncontrollable resistance breaks down and reserves adaptive energy is used up |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction that people to nurture (tend) or seek out social support |
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Term
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Definition
| post traumatic stress disorder. combat |
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Term
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Definition
| interpret events as threatening, dangerous, uncontrollable |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling helpless and hopeless and responsible for failure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disease producing organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first on the scene if infected |
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Term
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Definition
| wonders the body and sticks to/ destroys remaining antigens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| subjets randomizedto be eposed to cold virus or placebo. stressful events in the past year predict number of colds. social support is the buffer |
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Term
| psychophysiological condition |
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Definition
| illness in which emotions and stress contribute to , maintain or aggravate that physical condition (athsma) |
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Term
| biopsychosocial perspective |
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Definition
| the view that illness is the produce of interplay between biological , psychological, and social factors |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to heat from partial or complete blockage of arteries thay supply oxygen to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
damage to the heart from partial or complete blockage of arteries that supply oxygen to heart.
stress, personality type, economics, discrimination, employment, poverty |
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Term
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Definition
| genetics, constraints of biology, may be shaped by evolutionary factors, may be "hard wired" |
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Term
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Definition
| socialization, learned behavior, environmental pressures/ opportunities |
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Term
| gene by environment interaction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 tall parents the child with the tall gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that havent yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part |
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Term
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Definition
| second to 8th week of prenatal development during which limbs facial features and major organs of the body takes form |
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Term
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Definition
| period of prenatal development from 9th week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental factors that can have a negative impact (drinking while preggers) |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic movements that have adaptive. sucking, rooting- touch cheak of baby and it turns the cheak in that direction, duff than reflexes because not initiated by the body |
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Term
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Definition
| children arent minature adults, they are active learners in the world |
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Term
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Definition
| development occurs in spirts followed by periods of stability. stages involve radical reorganization in thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbing experience into current knowledge. horse camel- lumpy horse |
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Term
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Definition
| altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience. camel separate from a horse |
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Term
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Definition
| sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operations |
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Term
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Definition
| age 0-2, all info from the senses. lacks object permanence. achieves mental representation |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-7. can mentally represent experiences and use symbols. cant take someone elses perspective. three mountain task, conservation task |
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Term
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Definition
| 7-11. can perform mental operations for physical events. require experience, cant do hypothetical or abstract tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| 11 and up. able to reason hypthetically beyond the present. able to understand logic and abstract concepts, able to perform pendulum task |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| parents provide a structure to their childrens learning environments. gradually removed as children grow |
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Term
| zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| phase during which children are cable of learnining a task but are not yet successful and can, therefore benefit from instruction (60%) |
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Term
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Definition
| basic understanding of how physical objects behave |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptive, sometimes based on thematic stimulations or king. carrot- bunny, carrot- stringbean |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to reason about what other people know or believe, must develop an understanding that other people may not know what i know |
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Term
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Definition
| baby puts in cabinet, mom puts in fridge. they'll say they put it in the fridge because cant understand others thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| specific windows of time during which an event must occur |
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Term
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Definition
| specific windows of time during which an event is likely to have the most impact |
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Term
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Definition
| very important. harlows's money |
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Term
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Definition
| secure, insecure-avoident, insecure-anxious, disorganized |
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Term
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Definition
| greet mothers on return and upset at parting and happy at return |
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Term
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Definition
| indifferent at parting or return (15-20) |
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Term
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Definition
| indifferent at partin but their mixed at return ( reaching but squirming) 15-20% |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure |
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Term
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Definition
| basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic origin |
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Term
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Definition
| a fear of strangersthat develops around 8-9 months and increases until 1-11/ 2 years and then drops off. its culturally universal and adapt to craling |
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Term
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Definition
| phenomenon seen when the baby birds follow a large moving object that they see within hours after hatching |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptable and relaxed 40% |
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Term
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Definition
| fussy and easily frusturated 10% |
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Term
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Definition
| disturbed by new stimuli but gradually adjusts 15% |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest meaningful units of language. ish- sort of |
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Term
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Definition
| the grammatical rules that govern how we compost words into meaningful strings |
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Term
| extra linguistic information |
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Definition
| elements of communication that arent part of the content of language but are critical to interpreting its meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| words that sound like what they reefer to. |
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Term
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Definition
| related words that have similar sounding initial consents clusters (sneeze, sniff, snore, snot) |
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Term
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Definition
| it is easier to learn. high amplitude sucking study |
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Term
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Definition
| any intentional vocalization that lacks specific meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| any intentional vocalization that lacks specific meaning. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| single words to convey the meaning of whole phrases (cat-personal cat) |
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Term
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Definition
| babies learn by hearing other people speak. we know this is at least partially true |
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Term
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Definition
| strongest nature account. children are born knowing how language works |
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Term
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Definition
| children use context and social interaction to infer what sentences and words mean |
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Term
| general cognitive processing |
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Definition
| children's ability to learn language is a result of general skills that apply across a variety of activities |
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Term
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Definition
| born shy so your parent will shield you so it looks like its nurture but its nature. a genetic disposition that may lead a person to seek out or create environments that let them expres their genetic tendencies |
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Term
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Definition
| nature is a biological or physical factors vs your environment or social life learning behaviors |
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Term
| gene by environment interaction |
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Definition
| a genetic factor and a environmental factor must both be present. low levels of iron and eat low iron diet- iron deficiency. |
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