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| earth formed 4.6 billion years ago |
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| bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota (domains) |
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| Binomial Nomenclature (2 name), known for taxonomy |
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| way of naming/categorizing species |
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| group of organisms that are naturally able to breed--> have babies that reproduce |
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| Living things categorized by |
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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order family, genus, species
(Dear king philip, come over for good supper) |
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| fungi/Amoeba and Animalia are part of the |
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| types of phylogenetic relationships |
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monophyly (including descendants and all ancestors), paraphyly ( including descendants but not ancestors)
polyphyly(including a group of descendants but not all ancestors) |
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| only show relationships between critters |
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| show relationships between critters as well as time in terms of evolution |
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| single cells that lack a nucleus, organisms that fit/survive unfavorable environments, get energy from breaking things down, do not fossilize (example -methane, sulfur) |
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| helps human process food, ,most important decomposers, poor fossil record (squishy and small) |
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| single celled and dont fossilize |
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has Nucleus and includes:
Plants: green algae with the earliest, dinosaurs were around ferns not big flowering plants/conifers, preserve well (bc plants have cell walls |
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| closest family to animals, do not fossilize well |
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include, sponges, mollusks, segmented worms, Brachiopods, Bryzoans, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates, tetrapods,
Lecture 2 notes |
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| the study of the factors that govern the distribution and abundance of organisms in natural environment |
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a species life habit is its mode of life
example: the way it obtains nutrients or food, the way it reproduces, the way it stations itself within the environment or moves about |
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| The status of an organism within its environment and community, affecting its survival as a species.
-Niche requirements include particular nutrients or food resources and particular physical and chemical conditions. |
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| Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms
-The most important of these are physical and chemical conditions. |
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| A group of individuals that belong to a single species and live together in a particular area. |
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| single celled and dont fossilize |
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has Nucleus and includes:
Plants: green algae with the earliest, dinosaurs were around ferns not big flowering plants/conifers, preserve well (bc plants have cell walls |
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| closest family to animals, do not fossilize well |
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include, sponges, mollusks, segmented worms, Brachiopods, Bryzoans, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates, tetrapods,
Lecture 2 notes |
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| the study of the factors that govern the distribution and abundance of organisms in natural environment |
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a species life habit is its mode of life
example: the way it obtains nutrients or food, the way it reproduces, the way it stations itself within the environment or moves about |
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| The status of an organism within its environment and community, affecting its survival as a species.
-Niche requirements include particular nutrients or food resources and particular physical and chemical conditions. |
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| Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms
-The most important of these are physical and chemical conditions. |
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| A group of individuals that belong to a single species and live together in a particular area. |
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| Populations of several species living together in a habitat |
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| A flora and a fauna living together. |
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| Species that specialize in invading newly vacated habitats
-Seldom good competitors
- Good invaders
Ex: Weeds |
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| Distributions and abundances of organisms on a broad geographic scale.
-Limiting factors include temperature, land formations and barriers. |
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| The presence of a taxonomic group in one or two locations after it has died out elsewhere. |
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| The percentage of solar radiation reflected from Earth's surface.
-Ex: 6-10% for the ocean, 5-30% for forests, grassy surfaces and bare soil, from 45-95% for ice and snow. |
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| The deflection of winds in Northern Hemisphere to the right and in the Southern Hemisphere to the left as a result of Earths rotation. |
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| An area of relatively low rainfall to the leeward side of uplands.
-Incoming air has been forced to rise over the highland, causing precipitation on the windward side, and thus decreasing the water content of the air which descends on the leeward side. |
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| The ability to absorb or release a great deal of heat without changing its temperature very much.
-Land, rock and sediment, has a much lower heat capacity than water. Air has a much lower heat capacity still. |
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| The trade winds drive the ocean surface waters westward in a concentrated channel along the equator
-They are kept near the equator by the Coriolis force, which diminishes to zero at the equator. |
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| equatorial countercurrents |
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| water flowing backward under the influence of gravity |
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| The current circulating Antarctica clockwise when you are facing the continent
-This current does not exist at the time when supercontinent Gondwanaland was partially intact. It only became strong when all other continents (South America, Africa, India, and Australia) were broken loose from Antarctica at ~ 35 Ma.
- Water trapped in this current becomes very cold because of the high latitude and contributes to the frigid condition of Antarctica. |
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| Result from the rotation of the solid Earth beneath bulges of water that are produced primarily by the gravitational attraction of the moon.
-Also cause major movements of water in the oceans. |
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| Portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines.
-Alternately exposed to air and water.
-Experiences pronounced changes in temperature.
-Inhabited by relatively few species. |
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| Area above intertidal zone that is wet from wave splash or tidal wave.
-Most exposed to atmosphere and least inundation or covered in water.
- Dry except when flooded by storms or strong onshore winds that coincide with high tides.
- Harsh to life; supports few species. |
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| The submarine extension of a continental landmass.
-Broad expanses of shallow seafloor that settle gradually under the weight of great thickness of sediment. where most carbonate forms |
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| Marker of the edge of the continental shelf |
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| The border between continental crust and oceanic crust where the ocean floor drops in depth |
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| A gently rolling undersea slope between a continental slope and an abyssal plain.
- Consists of sediment that has been transported down the continental slope. |
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| The surface of a layer of sediment resting on oceanic crust. |
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| The region below the shelf break.
-Most deep-sea floor lies 2-4 miles below sea level. |
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| Portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines.
-Alternately exposed to air and water.
-Experiences pronounced changes in temperature.
-Inhabited by relatively few species. |
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| Area above intertidal zone that is wet from wave splash or tidal wave.
-Most exposed to atmosphere and least inundation or covered in water.
- Dry except when flooded by storms or strong onshore winds that coincide with high tides.
- Harsh to life; supports few species. |
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| The submarine extension of a continental landmass.
-Broad expanses of shallow seafloor that settle gradually under the weight of great thickness of sediment. where most carbonate forms |
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| Marker of the edge of the continental shelf |
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| The border between continental crust and oceanic crust where the ocean floor drops in depth |
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| A gently rolling undersea slope between a continental slope and an abyssal plain.
- Consists of sediment that has been transported down the continental slope. |
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| The surface of a layer of sediment resting on oceanic crust. |
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| The region below the shelf break.
-Most deep-sea floor lies 2-4 miles below sea level. |
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| The water located above the deep-sea floor |
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| Islands of sand heaped up by waves and wind.
- Often parallel to the shoreline.
-Protect quiet lagoons or bays. |
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| Broad shallow continental sea (less than 100 m in depth).
- Not well developed |
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| the upper layer of the ocean where enough light penetrates the water to permit plants to conduct photosynthesis.
-The base of this zone varies from place to place, depending on water clarity and the angle of the sun's rays |
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| -Area of heavy wave impact.
- Never exposed to air. |
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| Where waves break along a beach.
-Constant movement of the sane permits only a few species to survive. |
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| organisms susspended in the water at the "mercy" of the current for where they move, generally microscopic.
-Conducts most of the photosynthesis (Phytoplankton) that takes place in the ocean.
-Provides extensive fossil records because of the hard skeletons and durable cell walls. |
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| Small shrimp like crustaceans and other animals that spend their full lives adrift.
-Feed on phytoplankton.
-Include floating larvae of some invertebrate species that spend their adult lives on the seafloor, ex: snails, bivalves, and starfishes). |
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| Oceanic life that exists above the seafloor. |
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| immobile and mobile organisms that populate the seafloor. |
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| -Seafloor.
- Most likely to be composed of soft substances such as loose sediment. |
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| Strain phytoplankton and plant debris from the water |
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| -Consume sediment and digest organic matter mixed in with mineral grains. |
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| Movement of nutrient-rich bottom water to the ocean's surface.
-This can occur far from shore but usually occurs along certain steep coastal areas where the surface layer of ocean water is pushed away from shore and replaced by cold, nutrient-rich bottom water. |
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there are 4 principles at work in evolution
variation, inheritance, selection, and time and or adaption |
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| in all species, individuals differ in their genetic makeup, producing many variations in their physical features, individuals in a population vary from each other |
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| Individuals pass some of their genetic material to their offspring; parents pass on their traits to their offspring. |
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| Some individuals have inherited character (genes) that allows them to better survive or produce more offspring. These offspring, in turn, are more likely to survive and create offspring of their own. As a result, their genes become more common in the entire population; some variants reproduce more than others. |
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| Over time, selection results in changes in species. These changes may take days, or decades, or millions of years to occur; successful variations accumulate over time. |
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| specialized features of animals and plants that perform one or more useful functions |
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| Presence in two different groups of animals or plants of organs that have the same ancestral origin but serve different functions |
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| Organs that serve no apparent purpose but resemble organs that do perform functions in other species |
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| Process that operates in nature but parallels artificial selection |
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| Certain genes retain their identities while being passed from parent to offspring |
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| An organism sometimes transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its immediate descendant |
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| Genes that exert a powerful influence over the development of all organisms |
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| Distinctive group of regulatory genes that act like master switches during development |
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| Sum total of the genetic components of a population |
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| Origin of a new species from a preexisting one |
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| Result of random changes in gene pool |
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| An organism sometimes transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its immediate descendant |
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| Genes that exert a powerful influence over the development of all organisms |
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| Distinctive group of regulatory genes that act like master switches during development |
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| Sum total of the genetic components of a population |
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| Origin of a new species from a preexisting one |
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| Result of random changes in gene pool |
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| Appearance of key features that allowed the radiation to take place |
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| Pattern of expansion from some group of ancestral adaptive traits to the many new adaptive traits represented by the descendant taxa |
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| Accumulation of mutations at a constant rate |
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| Evolution of similar forms in two or more different taxonomic groups |
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| Species disappeared by evolving to the point at which they have been formally recognized as different species |
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| General tendency for body size to increase during the evolution of a group of animals (Cope used horses as an example, but wait...) |
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| Large evolutionary changes must be associated with speciation |
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| once a species has evolved into another or has been eliminated by extinction, it is gone forever |
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| Bodies of chemical entities that occupy particular spaces. Examples, CO2 in the atmosphere, or glacial ice on land. |
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| When reservoirs expand or contract because of changes in the rate at which they gain or lose their contents. Ex the expansion of glaciers "robs," the ocean of water and sea level drops. |
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is a situation in which a flux is being opposed and a reservoir is working toward having a balance in volume
ex) the expansion of glaciers "robs," the ocean of water and sea level drops |
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| This acts as the opposite of negative feedback and encourages or accelerates the process of change and flux. Ex Burning Fossil Fuels increases the Carbon in the atmospheric reservoir. "Snowball earth" |
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| An Anoxic or anoxia condition |
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| A condition in a body of water in which plant debris can decompose and become deeply buried, as a result of the lack of oxygen present in the system. No oxygen, no bacteria, no bacteria, no decomposing. Note: Good conditions for Fossil formation.Ex: Bogs |
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| A time in which many primitive trees were buried, which resulted in what are called coal swamps, which provides humans with large quantities of fossil fuel. |
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| The ratios of the carbons is most often stable, but certain fluxes can cause the ratio of the isotope carbon 13 in Atmospheric CO2 to increase . Examples is the burial of organic carbon at a faster rate than normal. |
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| Most carbonate sediments ultimately undergo metamorphism and return their CO2 back to the atmosphere. |
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| Chemical weathering extracts CO2 from the environment. Ex Plants participate in chemical wreathing and extract CO2 from the atmosphere.Mountain building. |
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| Methane and Global Warming |
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| Methane, though less abundant than Co2, is more effective in heating the atmosphere. Most of the methane on earth is released by Archae but frozen deposits (methane hydrate) in the ocean also contribute when waters are warm enough to melt them, thus further escalating the process of Global Warming. |
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| O16 is lighter so brackish water that receives much precipitation in has a higher ratio of O16, while sea water contains a higher ratio of O18 because O16 evaporates easier. Ex of flux: The melting or freezing of Glaciers, Glaciers "lock up," O16. |
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| Submarine Volcanism and seawater Chemistry |
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| In the process of submarine volcanism Mg+ ions are extracted from the Ocean basin and CA2+ ions are released thus Submarine Volcanism strongly influences seawater chemistry |
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| fine grained limestone made of minute plates of calcite once belonging to the shells of nano-plankton. Upper Cretaceous contains a vastly larger volume of chalk than any other time. Suggestion that these nano-plankton were very prolific, most productive ever, believed to be because the Mg +/ Ca2+ was the lowest ever |
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