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Definition
| set of discrete sounds (or gestures) combined to form meaningful elements. Can stand alone. |
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| syntactic category of expressions consisting minimally of NP, Aux, VP |
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| written expression of language |
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| system of communication with creative aspect |
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divide speech into units.
Analysis of phonemes, componential analysis, lexical analysis |
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| (systematic) study of language |
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| Differences between languages |
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Definition
sounds, structure.
phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, lexicon
Vocabulary, phonemes, words, syntax |
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| the mental representation of a speaker’s linguistic competence, what a speaker knows about a language |
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| prescriptive grammar rules |
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| metaphorical implications of the word "language" |
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Definition
Language is the source of human life and power.
Language is where humans deviate from the rest of the animal kingdom. |
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| What does a linguist observe? |
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| Difference between form and function |
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Definition
Form=word. phonological or gestural representation of a morpheme or word
Function=how it's used/what it means
how the word is actually used |
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| to be able to communicate |
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| changes a language can undergo |
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| sounds, lexical, semantic, syntactic changes |
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| Sociolinguistic factors (change a language) |
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| social factors outside the language system. their affect on a language (foreigninfluence, social need) |
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| psycholinguistic factors (change a language) |
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Definition
| factors that reside in the structure of the language and minds of the speakers. their affect on a language. |
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| Language change over time |
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| addition of vocab to accomodate new items/ideas. semantic shift (mouse/mouse, bookmark/bookmark) |
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| Instances when we can't produce the equivalent term in another language |
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Definition
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| What is the sound inventory like? |
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Definition
| the sounds of all languages of the world together make up a limited set of sounds that humans can produce. Each language is a unique combination of these. Therefore the sound inventory is varied,but finite. |
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Definition
| sounds or gestures (morphemes or sign movements) that have a form bound to a meaning in a single unit |
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| 1 of 2 parts of a linguistic sign. series of sounds/letters that make up the sign |
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| 1 of 2 parts of a linguistic sign. the semantic meaning of the sign. |
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| universal nature or essence the word signifies |
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| what words mean in a specific context |
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| we have to listen to a language in a one-after-the-other form because that's how humans can both produce and perceive language |
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| transmission from a speaker, words in a row |
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| Pictorial communication-why it works, even though it's non-linear |
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| eyes have time to wander and you can start taking in a picture and interpreting it at any place, however you want and will still be able to perceive it. |
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| Importance of order and succession in language. Importance in English specifically. |
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Definition
| important depending on the language, in English it is especially important. |
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| How many sentences are there in a given language? |
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Definition
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| Number of successive morphemes |
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Definition
| There are limited in some languages (English), but not in others (German) |
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| More words or morphemes in a language? |
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Definition
| There are more words in a language than morphemes |
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| Problem in numbering phonemes |
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Definition
| variations in pronunciation (dialect, region, etc.) cause a problem with this |
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| variations in a given language |
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Definition
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| How can you characterize questions? |
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Definition
| Tone goes up at the end of the phrase |
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Term
| Melody and pitch matters? |
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Definition
| there are natural stress points and it makes it difficult to understand if those are used "improperly". Also this aspect can be used to convey the emotional "subtext" behind a phrase (I'm mad about that, I'm excited about that, etc.) |
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Definition
| tone, stress, and prosody |
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| pre-stage of syntax; how the individual words work and are put together |
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lack of clarity.
multiple meanings |
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| two words that are identical except for one phoneme that occurs in the same position in each word |
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| standard accents of Standard English in England |
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| accent of American English |
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Definition
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Definition
| a bound morpheme attached to a stem or root. |
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Definition
| an affix that is attached to the beginning of a morpheme (‘in’ intolerable) |
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Definition
| an affix that is attached to the end of a morpheme (‘er’ taller) |
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Definition
| a bound morpheme that is inserted in the middle of another morpheme |
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| bound morpheme, parts of which occur in a word both before and after the root |
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| a word composed of two or more words (washcloth, childproof) |
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Definition
| a word composed of the initials of several words (PET scan for positron emission tomography scan) |
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Definition
| creation of a new word by removing an affix from an old word (donate from donation, edit from editor) |
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Definition
| model of the mental grammar, what speakers know about their language |
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| grammarians attempts to legistlate what the speakers’ grammatical rules should be |
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| class of lexical content words; category that adds new words (nouns, verbs) |
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| functional category that rarely has new words added to it (prepositions, conjunctions) |
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| a verb that must not have a direct object complement (sleep) |
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| a verb that selects an obligatory non-phrase compliment (find) |
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| a way to describe a given language’s syntax |
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| verbal complex contains “to be” followed by a verb in participle found (I was found, the soup was eaten) |
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| description of the meaning of words through structured sets of semantic features; present, absent, indifferent |
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| study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, sentences |
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Definition
| study of how context and situation affect meaning |
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| the action or intent that a speaker accomplishes when using language in context, the meaning of which is inferred by the hearer(s) |
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| an indirect illocutionary act; the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says |
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Definition
| do not share origins/meaning (skate, skate) |
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Definition
| related origin/meaning (mouth, mouth) |
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| a word substituted for another word or expression with which it is closely associated (“the crown” for monarchy) |
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| words whose meanings are specific instances of a more general word (red, white and blue are hyponyms for color) |
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| an expression that would have once been redundant, but because of societal or technological changes they are non-redundant (silent movie, analog clock) |
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| Who, says what, in what channel, to whom, with what effect? Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect |
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Definition
| the study of the LINGUISTIC MEANING of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences |
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Definition
| the RULES of sentence formation, the component of mental grammar that represents speakers knowledge of the STRUCTURE of phrases and sentences |
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| a speakers mental dictionary |
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Definition
| study of linguistic SPEECH SOUNDS, how they are produced, how they are perceived and their physical aspects |
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Term
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Definition
| SOUND SYSTEM of a language, component of grammar that includes inventory of sounds and rules for their combination and pronunciation (in english can't start a word with nk) |
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| sound inventory is made up of |
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Definition
| phonetic and phonemic units |
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