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| pilgrimage to Mecca that every able-bodied Muslim is expected to make at least once |
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| a muslim house of worship; a building that may serve as a place of worship, a school, court of law, or a shelter |
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| “successor” of Muhammad by Muslims |
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| Islamic code of law that includes rules for all aspects of life |
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| a vision of divine truth, such as those attributed to Muhammad; angel gabriel |
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| : line of the global grid running from the North to the South Pole at Greenwich, England |
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| Medieval political system in which monarchs and lesser nobles made alliances based on exchanging land grants for loyalty |
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| the selling of official positions in the medieval Roman Catholic Church |
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| Sumerian system of writing using wedge-shaped markings |
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| Renaissance movement based on the literature and ideas of ancient Greece and Rome, such as the worth of each individual |
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| everyday speech, not of scholars, in a country or region |
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| : worldly, not overtly or specifically religious |
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| steps to find scientific truth through observation and experiments |
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| the human race; total world population of humans |
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| : period from about 1350 until 1600 during which western Europeans experienced a profound cultural awakening, or “rebirth” |
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| idea that a dictatorial government should control all aspects of citizens’ lives ( |
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| body of land that is surrounded by water on all sides except one |
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| form of government in which the citizens hold power |
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| rule by a king or queen ( |
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| created when a tyrant seizes power and rules the polis single-handedly; present meaning: rule by a cruel and unjust person |
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| a historic object made or used by humans, such as a tool, ornament, or pottery |
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| government ruled by one person with unlimited authoritity |
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| city-state of ancient Greece |
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| : form of government in which a small group holds political power |
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| sumerian temple for worship |
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| ancient rome, one of two officials who headed the executive branch |
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| : distance east or west of the Prime Meridian measured in degrees ( imaginary and they run north and south) |
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| title of rulers of ancient Egypt |
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| line of rulers who belong to the same family |
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| government headed by religious leaders or a leader regarded as a god |
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| ancient Egyptian writing system using picture symbols for ideas or sounds |
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| distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees ( run east to west) |
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| group of people called together to advise |
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| 0 degrees latitude; north & south hemispheres |
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| way a government is run; how they make their rules |
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