Term
|
Definition
| interpretation of sensed information |
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Term
|
Definition
| conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| energies that affect what we do, detected by our senses |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| continuum of all the frequencies of radiated energy (e.g. gamma rays. X-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, visible light, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustable opening where light enters the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscle that changes the size of the pupil opening, colored structure surrounding pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual Receptors in the back of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| color and daytime vision, 5-10% of receptors, center of retina |
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Term
|
Definition
| dark vision, 90% of receptors, periphery of retina |
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Term
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Definition
| a rigid structure that focuses light |
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Term
|
Definition
| a flexible structure that adjusts to objects closer or farther away |
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Term
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Definition
| focus for objects at different distances |
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Term
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Definition
| central area of human retina adapted for highly detailed vision, greatest density of receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light; function of the rods, can detect very little light of any wavelength because neurons only need a few rods to be active to pass on visual information |
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Term
|
Definition
| retina > optic nerve > optic chiasma > lateral geniculate nucleus > optic radiations > visual cortex (occipital lobe) |
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Term
|
Definition
neurons that receive input from other neurons in the center of the eye
called bipolar cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| nerve in the eye formed by the union of axons from the ganglion cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| area where the optic nerve exits the retina and there is no room for visual receptors |
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Term
| Trichromatic theory (a.k.a. Young-Heimholtz theory) |
|
Definition
| theory that color vision depends on the relative rate of response by three types of cones, where each type is sensitive to a particular range of light wavelengths. Short wavelengths = blue, medium wavelengths = green, long wavelengths = red |
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Term
|
Definition
bipolar cells organize visual information into paired opposites,
And the perceived color depends on the balance of each of these opposite scales (e.g. black
And white, blue and yellow, red and green) |
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Term
|
Definition
| seeing one color after the removal of its opposite (American Flag example) |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory that we perceive color through the cerebral cortex’s comparison of various retinal patterns; comparing the light an object reflects to the light that other objects in the same scene reflect |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of an object to appear nearly the same under a variety of lighting conditions |
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Term
| Red-green colorblindedness |
|
Definition
absence or decreased responsiveness to one of the three types of
Cones, resulting in inability to distinguish red from green, and red or green from yellow |
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Term
|
Definition
| involving the structure in the inner ear that tells us the direction of tilt, amount of acceleration of the head, and the position of the head with respect to gravity |
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Term
|
Definition
| skin senses, a.k.a. the sense of “touch” |
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Term
|
Definition
| pain messages must pass through a gate, most likely in the spinal cord, that can block or enhance the messages |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter released by the nervous system in response to pain; causes The sensation of “intense” pain |
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Term
|
Definition
neurotransmitters that inhibit the release of substance P and thereby weaken pain
sensations |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that stimulates receptors that respond to painful heat |
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Term
|
Definition
| a continuing sensation of an amputated body part |
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Term
|
Definition
| sense that detects chemicals on the tongue, governs consumption of food |
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Term
|
Definition
| taste receptors, located in the folds on the surface of the tongue, mostly along the outside edge |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| How when we try to imagine a smell, we sniff |
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Term
|
Definition
| odorous chemical released by an animal that changes how the members of its species socially respond to it |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain breaks down complex stimuli into simpler components using individual detectors (neurons in the brain) that respond to different types of images (lines, angles, curves) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the brain detects the same type of stimuli for extended periods of time, feature detectors begin to wear out, resulting in warped vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory of perception that focuses on overall patterns of an image; “the whole is different than the sum of its parts” |
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Term
|
Definition
| – distinguishing an object from its background |
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Term
|
Definition
stimuli that can be perceived in more than one way (old and young
Woman picture example) |
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Term
|
Definition
| grouping together elements that are close to one another |
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Term
|
Definition
| seeing elements in a way that produces smooth continuity |
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Term
|
Definition
| supplying missing elements to complete a familiar figure |
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Term
|
Definition
| breaking complex figures into simple, familiar parts |
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Term
|
Definition
| difference in apparent position of an object as seen by each eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| degree to which the eyes must turn in to focus on a close object |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a closer object produces a “larger” image |
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Term
|
Definition
| parallel lines that converge are getting “farther away” (e.g. Train tracks going into the distance) |
|
|
Term
| Detail / texture gradient |
|
Definition
| "nearby objects are seen in more detail that faraway Ones; coarse texture = close, smooth texture = far" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a nearby object interrupts our view of a more distant object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "near objects are low in the visual field, distant objects are higher" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "the faster an object passes by, the closer it must be" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a misinterpretation of a visual stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Why do optical illusions occur |
|
Definition
| misperception due to being misled by cues that ordinarily ensure constancy in size and shape |
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Term
|
Definition
| idea that a stimulus can influence our behavior even when it is presented so faintly or briefly or along with such strong distractions that we do not perceive it consciously |
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Term
|
Definition
| "subliminal messages that result in an increased tendency to relate to Stereotypes, e.g. acting like an “old person” when primed with images of the elderly" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| similar to stereotype priming but with individual traits |
|
|
Term
| Effects on loyalty and creativity |
|
Definition
| "dog/cat test; subjects exposed to pictures of either dogs Or cats (dogs assumed to be more loyal), and then given a test to measure loyalty. Subjects That were exposed to dogs scored higher on the loyalty test than both the cat group and the Control group. Similar example with creativity and Apple computer logos (vs. IBM)." |
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Term
|
Definition
| "self awareness, being aware of present reality and what you are attending to at the moment" |
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Term
|
Definition
| putting a red dot on the face of a subject and placing the subject in front of a mirror to test its ability to see itself as “altered” by the dot; this ability is said to indicate “consciousness” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "internal clock, rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting about 1 day" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "affects circadian rhythm, thus resulting in difficulty adjusting to different time " |
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Term
| Repair and restoration theory of sleep |
|
Definition
| purpose of sleep is to enable the body to recover from the exertions of the day |
|
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Term
| Energy-conservation theory of sleep |
|
Definition
| evolution equipped us with a regular pattern of sleeping and waking for the purpose of conserving fuel and to protect us from danger |
|
|
Term
| Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
|
Definition
| One of the 5 stages of sleep during which the eyes move rapidly back and forth under closed lids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "(speculated) improvement of memory storage and motor skills, or simply to get oxygen to the corneas" |
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Term
|
Definition
| "dreams reveal unconscious thoughts and desires, especially sexual and" |
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Term
|
Definition
| content in dreams that appears on the surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hidden content in dreams that is represented symbolically in the actual experience |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dreams are a way for us to get our deepest wishes fulfilled |
|
|
Term
| Activation-synthesis theory |
|
Definition
| of dreams in which the brain creates a story to make sense of internal signals going from the pons to the cortex (during REM sleep explanation) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "dreams are just another example of thinking, but under special conditions: persisting activity of the cortex, great reduction of sensory stimulation, loss of voluntary self-control of thinking; dream about the things that concern us in everyday life" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dreams during which the sleeper realizes that he is dreaming |
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Term
|
Definition
| lack of sleep resulting in a feeling of being poorly rested the next day |
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Term
|
Definition
| irregular breathing during sleep that may result in awaking and gasping for breath People with sleep apnea may stop breathing for a minute or longer |
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Term
|
Definition
| sudden attacks of extreme and irresistible sleepiness in the middle of the day |
|
|
Term
| Periodic limb movement disorder |
|
Definition
| "strange sensations and movements in the leg during sleep, more common in older people" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "excessive but unrefreshing sleep, opposite of insomnia, too much sleep" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| period of inability to perform voluntary movements either at sleep onset or upon awakening |
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Term
|
Definition
| strand of hereditary material found in the nucleus of a cell. They provide the chemical basis of heredity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "a segment of a chromosome that controls chemical reactions that ultimately direct the development of the organism; genes contain chemical called DNA, which controls the production of RNA, which controls the production of proteins" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| having the same gene on both members of a pair of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having different genes on a pair of chromosomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| gene that will exert evident effects on development even in a person who is heterozygous for that gene |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene that will affect development only in a person who is homozygous for that gene |
|
|
Term
| Genetic carrier of a characteristic |
|
Definition
| "even if a person is heterozygous for a particular gene and shows the effects of the dominant gene, can still pass on the recessive gene to son/daughter" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pair of chromosomes that determine whether an individual will develop as a female or as a male; a female has 2 X chromosomes while a male has 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene located on the X chromosome; X-linked recessive gene shows its effect more often in men; example: colorblindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a gene that affects one sex more strongly than the other, even though both sexes have the gene; example: adult men generally have more facial hair than women. the gene is present in both sexes but activated by the men’s hormones" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "an estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity; ranges from 1 (all variance is due to heredity) to 0 (none of it is); example: tongue curling, the heritabiltiy is almost 1 because it is entirely due to genes" |
|
|
Term
| Twin and adoption studies |
|
Definition
| "studies are done to analyze identical twins who were separated from birth; studies also done to see how adopted children resemble their adoptive parents (this measure the effect of one’s environment); monozygotic twins are identical, dizygotic are fraternal; studies generally show genetics as a strong influence" |
|
|
Term
| Heredity and the environment |
|
Definition
| "an environmental intervention can greatly influence a condition that is known to be under genetic control; for example, if you have a gene for straight hair, that does not necessarily mean you will have straight hair. Depending on your diet, grooming habits, and health, you might have straight, curly, or no hair at all. " |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "inherited disorder in which a person lakcs the chemical reactions that convert a nutrient called phenylalanine into other chemicals; unless a diet is carefully controlled, the affected person will become mentally retarded" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in the gene frequencies of a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a random change in the structure of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "if individuals with a certain gene or gene combination reproduce more successfully than others do, the genes that confer an advantage will spread" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "the tendency, in nature, of individuals with certain genetically controlled characteristics to reproduce more successfully than others do; future generations will come to resemble those individuals more and more" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "a field that tries to relate the social behaviors of a species to its biology, particularly to its evolutionary history" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell of the nervous system that receives information and transmits it to other cells by conducting electrochemical impulses; a neuron consists of 3 parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which contains the nucleus of the cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| which is the widely branching structures that receive transmissions from other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "which is a single, long, thing, straight fiver that transmits information from a neuron to other neurons or to muscle cells" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a cell of the nervous system that insulates neurons, removes waste materials (such as dead cells), and performs other supportive functions" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulating sheath that speeds up the transmission of impulses along an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "an excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it must travel; this is how axons convey information" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "electrical polarization that ordinarily occurs across the membrane of an axon that is not undergoing an action potential; when the axon is not stimulated, its membrane has a resting potential" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an action potential is a yes/no or on/off message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "the specialized junction between one neuron and another; at this point, one neuron release a neurotransmitter, which either excites or inhibits the next neuron" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bulge at the end of an axon from which the axon releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a chemical that is stored in the terminal of an axon and that, when released, activates receptors of other neurons" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which a neurotransmitter is released into a synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neuron on the receiving end of the synapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a condition that affects about 1% of people over age of 50. the main symptoms are difficulty in initiating voluntary movement, slowness of movement, tremors, rigidity, and depressed mood. All of these symptoms can be traced to a gradual decay of one pathway of axons that release the neurotransmitter" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that promotes activity levels and facilitates movement |
|
|
Term
| attention deficit disorder |
|
Definition
| a condition marked by impulsive behavior and short attention span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain and spinal cord; spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system that communicates with sensory neurons and motor neurons below the level of the head |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a neuron that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a neuron that carries information about touch, pain, and other senses from the periphery of the body to the spinal cord" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus" |
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| the bundles of axons that convey messages between the spinal cord and the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peripheral nerves that communicate with the skin and muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of neurons that controls the internal organs such as the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of glands that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a chemical released by glands and conveyed by the blood to other parts of the body, where it alters activity" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a structure that is located in the hindbrain and is an elaboration of the spinal cord; controls many muscles in the head and several life-preserving functions, such as breathing" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a structure adjacent to the medulla that receives sensory input from the head and controls many muscles in the head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a hindbrain structure that is active in the control of movement, especially for complex, rapid motor skills and behaviors that require precise timing" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left or right half of the brain; each hemisphere is responsible for sensation and motor control on the opposite side of the body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the outer surface of the forebrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "the rear portion of each cerebral hemisphere, critical for vision" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a portion of each cerebral hemisphere; the main receiving area for the sense of touch and for the awareness of one’s own body |
|
|
Term
| primary somatosensory cortex |
|
Definition
| -a strip in the anterior (forward) part of the parietal lobe that receives most touch sensations and other information about the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a portion of each cerebral hemisphere; the main processing area for hearing, complex aspects of vision, and certain aspects of emotional behavior" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a portion of each cerebral hemisphere at the anterior pole, with sections that control movement and certain aspects of memory" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "a strip in the posterior (rear) part of the frontal cortex that controls fine movements, such as hand and finger movements" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "an area in the anterior portion of the frontal lobes, critical for planning movements and for certain aspects of memory" |
|
|
Term
| computerized axial tomography |
|
Definition
| CT or CAT; a procedure to measure brain activity as it happens in which x-rays pass through the head of someone who has a dye in the blood to increase contracts between fluids and brain cells |
|
|
Term
| positron-emission tomography |
|
Definition
| "PET, provides a high-resolution image of brain activity by recording radioactivity emitted from injected chemicals" |
|
|
Term
| functional magnetic resonance imaging |
|
Definition
| "fMRI, a technique that uses magnetic detectors outside the head ot measure the amounts of hemoglobin, with and w/o oxygen, in different parts of the brain and thereby provides an indication of current activity levels in the various brain areas" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the questions of how separate brain areas combine forces to produce a unified perception of a single object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "impairment of the ability to recognize faces, despite otherwise satisfactory vision" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to continue recognizing colors even after a change in lighting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "impaired ability to detect motion in visual perception, despite otherwise satisfactory vision" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large set of axons connecting the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and thus enabling the two hemispheres to communicate with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition of increased suggestibility that occurs in context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Participant expectations are critical (skeptics are harder to hypnotize) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "1. Subject must agree to try, uncooperative people can’t be hypnotized" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Attributes that help hypnotism: absorption, creativity, religiosity" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no gender differences between males and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "pain inhibition, also lowers emotional distress" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a suggestion that the person will do/experience something after coming out of hypnosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Sensory experiences not corresponding to reality Brain activity in occiptal (sight) lobe, proof that subjects are seeing something that’s not there." |
|
|
Term
| "Hypnotic blindness, deafness" |
|
Definition
| "Subjects seem not to see/hear hynotic suggestions after being told they were blind/deaf, but showed up in later tests, proving they did see/hear something, but did not acknowledge it. Sensory receptors still send messages to nervous system, but the way people react to information changes." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Divided-consciousness theory |
|
Definition
| selective attention & selective inattention are heightened and thus there is a split in awareness (i.e. attentive to authority’s suggestion but ignoring pain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "kind of role-playing we do in everyday life, but in a heightened sense like actors that are really engrossed in their roles. A hypnotized individual is better able to play the role suggested by the hypnotist." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Non-hypnotized people can pretend to be hypnotized (mimic what they think a hypnotized person would do), but they try much harder than hypnotized people. " |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "A method of inducing calm, relaxed state through the use of special techniques" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Awareness of the moment without passing judgment, used in treatments for some mental disorders" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "boost energy, heighten alertness, increase activity, produce plesant feeling Examples-amphetamines, cocaine, but also caffeine, nicotine" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "relaxant, relieves inhibitions, impairs memory & judgment, social lubricant. Excess use can damage liver, aggravate/prolong medical conditions, impair memory & motor control." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "barbiturates, Xanax, Valium (addictive drugs used to treat anxiety disorders). They relax muscles, induce sleep, exert calming effects by facilitating transmission at synapses that use the neurotransmitter GABA." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, decreased responsiveness to events" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "users feel happy, are insensitive to pain, and ignore real-world stimuli. They feel warm, content, sometimes nauseous. However, when they come off, suffer withdrawal with all opposite sensations." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "natural brain-produced chemicals, inhibit the sensation of prolonged/repetitive pain. Endorphins bind to opiate receptors." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "induce sensory distortions, hallucinations, strange trips, occasionally panic" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally manifests as opposite of initial effects if person stops taking drugs. Decreased stimulation of receptors causes symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "users who use not to get high, but just to escape misery of withdrawal" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : strong repetitive desire without any physical symptoms of withdrawal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "decrease in drug’s effect following prolonged usage, so users must use more and more to get the same high" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "psychologists who insist that psychologists should study only observable, measurable" |
|
|
Term
| Methodological Behaviorists |
|
Definition
| "behaviors, without reference to unobservable mental processes. maintains that psychologists should study on the events that they can measure and observe (stimuli and responses)." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "something that cannot be directly observed but links procedures to possible responses. (i.e. if monkey more likely to show aggression if a stuffed monkey bigger than itself is put in cage, behaviorist can infer monkey is responding to intervening variable, fear)" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "argues the study of behavior is not just an indirect way of studying mental processes or a substitute for studying mental processes. Rather, behavior is the only thing for psychologists to study. " |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus-Response psychology |
|
Definition
| "attempt to explain behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response. (not used today, b/c doesn’t include individual’s past experiences w/ stimu. & responses" |
|
|
Term
| Assumptions of Behaviorism |
|
Definition
| 1. Determinism- every behavior has a cause that obeys certain laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process whereby a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated w/ particular physiological/emotional response by being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes that physiological/emotion response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an automatic connection between a stimulus and a response |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
|
Definition
| "event that consistently, automatically elicits unconditioned response. I.e. food/meat powder" |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned response (UCR) |
|
Definition
| action elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. I.e. salivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evokes particular response after repeated pairings with the UCS. I.e. metronome |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
|
Definition
| response that occurs after conditioning procedure. I.e. salivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process that establishes/strengthens a conditioned response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "process by which conditioned response decreases, happens with repeated pairings of CS without UCS" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary return of extinguished response after a delay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extension of conditioned response from the training stimulus to another similar stimulus (remember Little Albert and the mice?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond differently to two stimuli because different outcomes follow them |
|
|
Term
| Drug Tolerance as example |
|
Definition
| feeling progressively weaker effects of drugs after repeated use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nearness in time between CS and UCS for classical conditioning to develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "predictability- when the CS is presented, the UCS is likely to follow. Affords predictability of one’s environment, doesn’t require conscious awareness" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of changing behavior by following a behavioral response with reinforcement |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| Thorndike’s theory that a response which is followed by favorable consequences becomes more probable and a response which is followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less probable |
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Term
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Definition
| increases probability of response |
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Term
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Definition
| "decreasing of the response, happens because responses stop getting reinforced" |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to make a similar response to a stimulus that has already been associated with reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to respond in one way to one stimulus and in a different way to another stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| certain stimuli are readily associated with each other and that certain responses are readily associated with certain outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations to it |
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Term
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Definition
| each behavior is reinforced with the opportunity to engage in the next behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviorà something bad (decreases likelihood of behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviorà something good (increases likelihood of behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviorà removal of something good (decreases likelihood of behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviorà removal/avoidance of something bad (increases likelihood of behavior) |
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Term
| Unconditioned reinforcers |
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Definition
| "reinforcing due to intrinsic qualities (i.e. food, approval, sex)" |
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Term
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Definition
| "reinforcing due to association with an unconditioned reinforcer (money, grades)" |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| "rules for delivery of reinforcement (i.e. when, how much)" |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement only after a certain (fixed) number of correct responses |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement for first response made after specific time interval |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to fixed-ratio except reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time has elapsed |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcing desired behavior and punishing undesired |
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Term
| Conditioned taste aversion |
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Definition
| following reinforcer with bad feeling (i.e.nausea) |
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Term
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Definition
| time critical in which behavior is being learned through reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| "people learn by watching and imitating others, and from imagining the consequences of their own actions (i.e. driving a car)" |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement observed to have been experienced by someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| punishment observed to have been experienced by someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of one’s own ability to perform a task successfully (are we able to imitate a behavior successfully?) |
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Term
| How is Psychology different from philosophy? |
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Definition
| Psychologists differ from philosophers in that psychologists do rigorous expiermental tests to check their hypotheses. |
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Term
| Is psychology just common sense? |
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Definition
| No because our common sense might lead us astray. Our notions of common sense similarly err. “Absence makes the heart grow fonder” |
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Term
| Determinism vs. free will |
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Definition
| This debate questions whether or not the causes of behavior are knowable or predictable. Psychologists must believe that these causes are knowable in order for psychology to function. |
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Term
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Definition
| How are conscious experiences related to the physical brain? Does the Mind physically exist? Psychologists maintain that conscious experiences are inseparable from the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Is the mind completely separate from the brain? Dualists believe yes, and that the mind controls the brain and brain activity. Monists believe that the brain and mind are inseparable. " |
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Term
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Definition
| Do differences in Heredity mean differences in behavior? Psychologists try to figure out the proportion of both our environment and our heredity in our actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tried to explain behavior through biological factors and brain structures. It studies everything from neurons to the entire brain for clues. |
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Term
| Learning and motivation psychology |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "How information about the world is acquired, attained, and used. Perception, memory, learning, etc. " |
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Term
| Social / personality psychology |
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Definition
| Tried to explain behaviors in terms of circumstances and situations people find themselves in. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tried to understand and treat abnormalities in thought and behavior. |
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Term
| Industrial/organizational psychology |
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Definition
| The study of how people’s behavior changes as they age. Development across a lifespan. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how people’s behavior changes as they age. Development across a lifespan. |
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Term
| Principle of compatibility |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tries to understand and treat abnormalities in thought and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medical Doctors licensed to provide drugs and otherwise treat the physical causes of psychological disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Retrieving painful unconscious memories from childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| "William James believed that thinking developed because it was adaptive, and it contributed to our ancestor’s survival. (influences from Darwin)" |
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Term
| Darwin and comparative psychology |
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Definition
| Natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies. |
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Term
| Cross-cultural psychology |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Watson advocated a depart from the study of consciousness and a direct study of only behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| "A method by which scientists make observations, form theories, and then refine their theories in light of new observations. " |
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Term
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Definition
| A testable prediction made as the first step in the scientific method. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tool to boost the reliability of data results if other researchers recreate the same results with different participants and materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results that can be proven false by experimentation |
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Term
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Definition
| The whole group that you want to study and describe in a study |
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Term
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Definition
| A sample in which people are taken because they are the people closest in the group |
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Term
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Definition
| A sample in which every person in the group has an equal chance in participating |
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Term
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Definition
| A sample made up of different cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| A sample that represents the population very well |
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Term
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Definition
| Watching and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A study in which an individual is studied in great depths in hope of revealing things true of us all. |
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Term
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Definition
| A study that looks at many cases in less depth to get a generalization about something. |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical measure of relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| "If that value of one variable increases, so does the other" |
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Term
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Definition
| "If the value of one variable increases, the other decreases" |
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Term
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Definition
| When we believe there is a relationship between two thing’s we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief. |
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Term
| Reverse causality problem |
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Definition
| "Did X cause Y, or did Y cause X?" |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that there could be other causes to the result. |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable that we can vary independently of other factors |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable that can vary depending on what takes place during the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| A translation of the variables of interest to a form we can actually meaure |
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Term
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Definition
| The group upon which experiments are conducted |
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Term
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Definition
| The group that does not get the treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the extend to which the independent variable has affected the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group that doesn’t get the treatment but thinks it does. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows the removal of wacky variables that would systematically bias the results. (very good test takers in a test experiment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows researcher to manipulate the variable of interest while holding all else constant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the extent to which the independent variable has affected the depended variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Means participants can agree, ahead of time, to participate in the experiment." |
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Term
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Definition
| "The process of letting the participant know, after the experiment, what the experiment is about – the true purpose of the experiment. " |
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