Term
| social perception (person perception) |
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Definition
| gaining/evaluatingi info about others-categorizing, judging- active, subjective, interpersonal, influenced by individual's, yours and situation's characteristics |
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Term
| basic principles of social perception |
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Definition
| 1) your rxns determined by perceptions 2) goals influence amnt/kind of info collected (lab partner vs date) 3) evaluate (& self-eval) based on social norms 4) self-perception influences how we judge info |
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Term
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Definition
| first impression has greatest influence on our perceptions |
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Definition
| putting ppl in groups, automatically or deliberately. cog. efficient (don't have to evaluate each individually) but pos. inaccurate |
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Term
| implicit personality theory |
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Definition
| kind of schema- assumptions about behavior/expectation of ppl based on their category (attractive=fun/interesting/other pos attributes) |
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Term
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Definition
| major characteristic (gordon allport's trait theory)- single central trait can organize imp. pers. theory |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to infer other pos or neg traits from perception of one central trait |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate degree to which dispositions influence behavior, underestimate situational |
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Term
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Definition
| actor blames situation, observer blames actor's disposition (tripping on T) |
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Definition
| attributing triumph to disp. but not failures- "psychological immune system"- reversed in depression |
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Definition
| assumption that most people share our own attitudes/behaviors |
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Definition
| belief we control events in our own lives that are really beyond our control (auto accident) |
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Definition
| tendency to adjust actions/beliefs to those of group |
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Term
| informational social influence |
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Definition
| accept group belief/behavior as accurate info about reality. "did you see that?" baby gaging mother's emotions to guide own |
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Term
| normative social influence |
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Definition
| conform to gain approval/acceptance |
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Term
| solomon asch's experiment |
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Definition
| in context of adolph eickman's testimony; supposedly visual perception exp- confederates give wrong answer. only 25% gave right answers |
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Term
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Definition
| unanimity of majority group, perception that majority group not a conspiracy, at least 3-4 ppl in maj group, minimal familiarity with subject, perceived credibility of maj group, low self-esteem, high regard for maj group |
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Term
| conformity in collectivistic cultures |
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Definition
| high public conformity but not nec. in private |
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Term
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Definition
| social influence in which we alter behavior in response to commands from perceived authority figure(s) |
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Term
| stanley milgram's experiment |
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Definition
| "destructive obedience"- 65% gave full voltage- "you have no other choice" |
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Term
| why destructive obedience occurs |
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Definition
| diminished responsibility, gradual escalation, physical separation, perceived power of authority figure, |
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Definition
| awareness of, kindness for others |
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Definition
| engagement of prosocial behavior w/ no expectation of anything in return |
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Term
| factors that increase bystander helping |
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Definition
| feel good-do good effect, guilt, seeing others as willing to help, seeing victim as deserving help, knowing how to help, personalized relationship with victim (even eye contact) |
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Term
| factors that decrease bystander helping |
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Definition
| bystander effect (the more ppl, the less likely help), social influence (kitty gervais), big cities and small towns, vague/ambiguous situations, personal costs outweighing benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| laziness in a group effort. reduced when we know group members, group highly valued, task meaningful/unique |
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Definition
| group effort of collectivistic society |
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Term
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Definition
| improvement of performance bc presence of others. only for simple or very well rehearsed tasks |
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Definition
| reduction of self-awareness/inhibitions in group where there is anonymity. KKK masks, LA riots after rodney king, trick or treat mirror/candy experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| learned, relatively enduring predisposed pattern of responses to/evaluations of people, groups, ideas, situations |
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Term
| attitudes learned through pavlovian conditioning |
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Definition
| attitude develops based on US paired with neutral stimulus (dog->bite->fear, shirt->model->arousal) |
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Term
| attitudes learned through operant conditioning |
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Definition
| reward is praise, approval, punishment is disapproval |
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Term
| attitudes learned through direct experience vs observation |
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Definition
| direct experience-->attitudes that are more deeply ingrained, help more confidently |
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Term
| social identification function |
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Definition
| attitudes provide info about others, allow us to present ourselves. strongly determines our overall assessments of others |
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Term
| social adjustment function |
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Definition
| attitudes that help us, in specific environments, identify with groups/peers |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to select what we reveal about our attitudes, depending on how this info will be recieved |
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Definition
| tendency to conform to negative stereotypes of one's own group |
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Term
| cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| people experience psychological discomfort or dissonance whenever cognitions and behaviors are in conflict |
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Term
| when do attitudes lead to behavior? |
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Definition
| extreme or frequently expressed, formed through direct experience, individual is very knowledgeable, individual expects favorable outcome/reactions |
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Term
| when does behavior lead to attitude? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| negative, unjustifiable, inflexible attitude toward a group and its members |
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Term
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Definition
| social schema- preconceived/simplified beliefs/expectations about traits of a group- ignore the individual- very rigid. influences what we see (only what confirms stereotypes) |
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Term
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Definition
| behavioral consequence of prejudice in which one group treated differently from another |
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Term
| out group homogeneity effect |
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Definition
| differences exist w/in In Group, but Out Group is homogeneous |
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Term
| in group bias (ethnocentrism) |
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Definition
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Definition
| 2 groups of boys (rattlers/eagles) developed through competition- contact theory wasn't working, until superordinate goal (food truck breakdown) |
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Definition
| generalized sherif findings to real world- made jigsaw projects in integrated classes- changed attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of symptoms that causes extreme distress and/or impairs ind. in 1 or more aspects of life- atypical, dysfunctional, distressful, dangerous |
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Definition
| diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders- 4th edition- 300 disorders- relies on empirical research- reclassified developmental disorders, added substance |
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Term
| nat'l comorbidity survey replication |
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Definition
| found 57% of ppl will have mental disorder in their lifetime, women more likely to have internalizing disorders, men to have externalizing |
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Term
| internalizing disorders | externalizing disorders |
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Definition
| depression, anxiety | substance abuse, violence |
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Term
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Definition
| studied stigmas of mental disorders in media- 2 characters: dangerous psycho killer, helpless victim |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| early onset, life-long. 1% population, 50% homeless, 40% hospital beds. extreme disturbances in thinking, fragmentation of own personality (not split personality) |
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Term
| positive symptoms (schizophrenia) |
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Definition
| (psychotic symptoms) experiences that shouldn't happen- hallucinations (auditory most common), delusions (paranoid, grandiose, delusions of reference), thought disorder (word salad, neologisms) |
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Term
| negative symptoms (schizophrenia) |
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Definition
| (deficient symptoms) experiences that should happen but don't- amotivation, flattened/blunted affect (lack of emotional expression), anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) |
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Term
| primary symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| see chart! delusions/disturbances of thought, hallucinations/disturbances of perception, disturbance in emotional expression, disturbances in speech, disorganized/catatonic behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| schema created for delusion- applied to whole world |
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Term
| undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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Definition
| schizophrenics who do not manifest specific symptoms of 4 main categories |
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Term
| neurodevelopmental disorder |
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Definition
| caused by problem in development (possibly during formation of cortex)- schizophrenia |
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Term
| schizophrenia rule of 1/3ds |
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Definition
| 1/3 gets better, 1/3 gets somewhat better, 1/3 cannot |
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Term
| development of schizophrenia: prodromal |
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Definition
| late adolescence/early adulthood- lowered productivity/social withdrawal, deterioration in health/hygiene, lasts months or years |
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Term
| development of schizophrenia: active |
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Definition
| major symptoms appear- months or many years |
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Term
| development of schizophrenia: residual |
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Definition
| major symptoms absent on markedly diminished, lingering social difficulty, low motivation, blunted/inapp. affect |
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Term
| disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| disorganization and regression in thinking/behavioral patterns, sexual/religious/hypochondriacal halucinations, mood swings, infantile behavior, word salad/neologisms |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme psychomotor disturbances, waxy flexibility, agitated movement/shouting (generally harmful) |
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Term
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Definition
| highest level of awareness, least impairment of daily functions, well-organized delusional thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| schizophrenia in recovery phase during which major symptoms absent/diminished |
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Term
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Definition
| only depression, not mania. includes major depressive, dysthymic and seasonal |
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Term
| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| very common, 1/4-5 women (2X men), 9 month course in adolescence, typically recurrent. |
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Term
| major depressive disorder symptoms |
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Definition
| emotional: extreme sadness, anhedonia. behavioral: listlessness, indiff. appearance, sad affect. cognitive: feel worthless, guilty, delusions, poor thinking/memory. physical: severe insomnia, circadian reversal, appetite disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of joy/inability to experience joy |
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Term
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Definition
| milder major depression that lasts a long time |
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Term
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Definition
| disthymic with falls into major depressive episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| fall into winter depressive episodes- prevalent in scandinavia. light therapy |
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Term
| factors predictive of major depressive relapse |
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Definition
| early onset of initial episode, marital distress, critical/hostile relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| depressive symptoms occur concurrently with classic manic ones |
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Term
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Definition
| euphoria, increased energy, excessive confidence, feel sexually attractive, rash decisions, stop sleeping/eating. hypomania->real mania->psychotic mania |
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Term
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Definition
| 1% population, men=women but men more manic, women more depressive, 90%+ have multiple episodes, 10-15% die by suicide |
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Term
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Definition
| quick move from mania to depression or visvers |
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Term
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Definition
| low depressions, but only reach hypomania |
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Term
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Definition
| swing between hypomania and dysthymic, long periods of time |
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Term
| biological contributing factors to mood disorders |
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Definition
| if 1 monoz twin has, 70% other will. neurotransmitter systems involved. likely polygenetic |
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Term
| cognitive contributing factors to mood disorders |
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Definition
| making global, stable, internal attributions to neg. aspects of life (unloveable, stupid, automatic neg thought). cog therapies are the most successful |
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Term
| life stress contributing factors to mood disorders |
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Definition
| loss is a huge trigger, interpersonal/relationship difficulties, pos. life stress can precipitate mania (esp if sleep disturbed), stress generation (symptoms cause interpersonal problems->cycle) |
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerated, rigidly held belief that has little or no basis in fact |
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Term
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Definition
| false perception lacking sensory basis, produced by drugs, fatigue, sensory deprivation. auditory associated w psychotic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| suggest patient move to different climate to avoid seasonal affective disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| depression is related to reduction in activity of monoamine neurotrans. noepinephrine/serotonin in specific regions of brain. supported by effectiveness of drugs that increase these nts |
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Term
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Definition
| bio factors can be maintaining a depression even if triggered by environment; lithium for biopolar, antipsychotics of schizophrenia, anti depressants (SSRIs, tricyclics) for depression |
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Term
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Definition
| source of problem is unconscious->free associate to make it conscious |
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Term
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Definition
| source of prob is bad conditioning->extinguish undesirable behavior, shape new behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| source of prob is neg expectations/beliefs->replace maladaptive ways of thinking with therapy- very effective for depression |
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Term
| randomized clinical trials |
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Definition
| rule out spontaneous remission-use control group. for ex compare new drug to another- control is treatment as usual |
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Term
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Definition
| pooling of results from many studies- reveals that psychotherapy sig. better than no treatment, results are quick & effects enduring. shows little diff bt diff forms of therapy |
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Term
| spec. treatments for schizo | phobias | depression | panic disorder |
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Definition
| family psychoed (fam becomes treatment team) | exposure | cog. therapy, interpersonal therapy | interoceptive exposure (exposure to physiological arousal) |
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Term
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Definition
| not rigidly sticking to one school of treatment- more use of meds, shorter duration of treatment. largely dictated by insurance |
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Term
| biggest trend in treatment currently |
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Definition
| move towards evidence-based medicine (sci. based efficacy) |
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Term
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Definition
| howard kelley: attributions about ppl's behavior based on situation, persons involved, stimuli toward which behavior directed |
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Term
| distinctiveness | consistency | consensus |
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Definition
| of covariation principle: does behavior occur in other settings? | does it occur in response to same stimuli in other occasions? | do others behave this way? |
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Term
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Definition
| may be socially undesirable, influence behavior w/out one's knowledge |
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Term
| implicit association test |
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Definition
| measures strength of associations bt groups based on "good" & "bad" |
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Term
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Definition
| study of evolution of animal behavior, including that of humans | biology subtopic-to understand biological factors under social behavior |
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Term
| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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Definition
| aggression is always a consequence of frustration, frustration always leads to aggression. later modified (miller): frustration leads to several responses of which aggression is one |
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Term
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Definition
| 4+ attacks/month- overwhelming terror that can -> suicide attempt, feeling of unreality/depersonalization- often w/ symptoms of agoraphobia |
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Term
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Definition
| intense fear of places/situations where escape might be difficult/help unavailable |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of performing some specific behavior in front of others- avoidance of authority figures |
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Term
| post traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| reliving event, avoidance of stiumuli associated w/ event, increased arousal or numbing of general responsiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| schizophrenia- inability to utter a ound for hours/days | repeating verbatim what heard |
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