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| Science that deals with the earths physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it. |
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| The scientific study of the atmosphere. |
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| Branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and their physical surrounding. |
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| Systematuc study of the Earth's water in all its states. |
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| Material system in which mass or energy can be lost to or gained from the environment |
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Self-contained system exhibiting no exchange of energy or matter across its boundaries |
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Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere |
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gently sloping, relatively shallow, submerged plain ijust off the coast of a continent. |
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| consists of muds and silts, and is often crosscut by submarine canyons. |
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| the entire mass of the planet has adjusted to the combination of gravity and centrifugal force, with the result that the spherical eaerth is SQUASHED... which becomes an ellipsoid |
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| Sphere of the Earth system that contains all the water that exists on and within the solid surface of our planet. |
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| Outermost shell of the solid Earth, lying immediately below the land surface and ocean floor. |
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| High submarine volcanic mountain ranges, part of a global system of such ranges and found in central areas of the ocean basins. |
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| Science, art, and technology of mapmaking, and map use. |
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| Map projection that perserves the true shape of the area being mapped. |
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| One in which the transfer of the Earth grid is from a globe onto cone, which is then cut and laid flat. |
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| Representation of surface relier using isolines of elevation above sea level |
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| One in which the transfer of the Earth grid is from a globe onto a cylinder, which is then cut and laid flat. |
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| A measurement of plane angle. |
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| One in which all the areas mapped are represented in correct proportion to one another. |
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| Parallel of latitude running around the exact middle of the globe, defined as 0 degree latitude. |
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| GIS (Geographic Information Sytem) |
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| Assemblage of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyed, and displayed to the user. |
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| GPS(Global Positioning System) |
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| A radio navigation system that allows land, sea, and airborne users to determine their exact location, velocity, and time 24 hours a day, in all weather conditions, anywhere in the world. |
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| Circle formed along the edge of the cut when a sphere is cut in half. |
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The edges of all other cuts when a sphere is divided into two unequal portions. |
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| Line connecting all places possessing the same value of a given phenomenon, such as "height" above the flat base of the surface being mapped. |
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| Angular distance, measured in degrees north or south, of a point along a parallel from the Equator. |
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| Angular distace, measured in degrees east or west, of a point along a meridian from the prime meridian |
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| Portion of a map where its point, line, area, and volume symbols are identified. |
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| Orderly arrangement of meridians and parallels, produced by any systematic method, that can be used for drawing a map of the spherical Earth on a flat surface. |
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| The spacing of parallels increases toward the poles. |
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| North and South lines on the globe. |
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| East-West lines of the grid |
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| An imaginary plane touches the globe at a single point, exhibita wheel-like symmetry around the point of tangency between the plane and the sphere. |
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| Having a longitude of zero degrees. |
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| Located at latitude 66.5 degrees S, recieves 24 hours of sunlight. |
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| Point in Earth's orbit that occurs every July 4th, where the distance to the SUn in maximized. |
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| Latitude (66.5 degrees North) marking the southern boundary of the Northern Hemisphere |
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| The imaginary line that extends from the North Pole----> South Pole through the center of the Earth. |
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| Ever shifting line of sunrise in the east and sunset in the west. |
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| When all the clocks in a time zone or subregion are set forward by 1 hour from standard time for at least part of the year. |
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| One of the two days in the year when the Sun's noontime rays strike the Eaarth vertically at the equator. |
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| Point in Earth's orbit, which occurs every January 3rd (your birthday month :) ) where the distance to the Sun is minimized |
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| Plane formed by the Sun and Earth's orbital path |
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| Spinning of a planet on its axis, the imaginary line passing through its center and both poles |
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| One complete circling of the Sun by a planet. |
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| When the Sun stands still |
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| The most northerly latitude where the Sun's noontime rays strike vertically. |
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| The southernmost latitude where the Sun's noon rays can strike the surface at 90 degrees. |
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| Point in the sky directly overhead, 90 degrees above the horizon. |
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| The proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface. |
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| An energy transfer accomplished by contact between individual molecules. |
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| Another mode of heat transfer. |
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| Widely used analogy describing the blanket-like effect of the atmosphere in the heating of Earth's surface. |
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| A heat transfer associated with the flow of water vapor. |
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| Radiation emitted by the Earth, which has much longer wavelength. |
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| Transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. |
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| The heat transfer that takes place when air or water at one temperature moves to a loacction with a different temperature. |
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| Radiation coming from the Sun. |
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| Substances that impact organisms NEGATIVELY |
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| Dominated by exchanges occuring between air and sea. |
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| Release of ozone-destroying gases |
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| Long-term conditions of aggregate weather over a region |
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| Atmospheric gases always found in the same proportions. |
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| Coal, oil, and natural gas, the dominant suppliers of energy in the world economy. |
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| UPPER region of the atmosphere's two vertical regions |
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| LOWER OF THE ATMOSPHERE'S TWO VERTICAL REGIONS. |
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| Related form of a chemical element |
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| One of the 3 types of gas |
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| Known as the ozonosphere, the ozone-rich layer of the stratosphere. |
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| Gas with low concentration and is present only in small amounts |
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| Atmospheric gases present in differing quanities at different times and places..... IMPORTANT for humans |
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| Invisible gaseous form of water |
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| Immediate and short term conditions of the atmosphere that have an effect on daily human activities. |
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| Seasonal depletion of ozone above the Antartic region, which veery likely is caused by the discharge of artificial chemical compounds called CFC's. |
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| Air-parcel lapse rates in the troposhpere |
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| When the state of water changes from a gas to liquid |
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| The patern of temperature change during the day |
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| Metric temperature scale most commonly used in the entire world |
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| Temperature scale used in the U.S. |
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| Moderating influence of the ocean on air temperature, which produces cooler summers and milder winters |
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| Instrument for measuring temperature |
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| Atmospheric high-pressure cell involving the divergence of air, which subsides at and flows spirally out of the center. |
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| Instrument that measures atmospheric pressure...invented by TORRICELLI |
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| Name given to the foehn winds that affect the leeward areas of mountain zones in the western plateaus of Northern America. |
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| Force that, owning to the rotation of the Earth, tends to deflect all objects moving over the surface of the Earth away from their original paths. |
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| The primary force exertying an influence on air molecules |
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| Areas in the "shadow" of protecting topographic barriers |
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| Increases as the difference in air pressure across a specified distance increases. |
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| An occasional hot,dry airflow whose unpleasantness is heightened by the downward funneling of this wind from the high inland desert through narrow passes in the mountains that line the coast. |
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| Air moving from water to land during the day... :/ |
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| Lower pressure to develop over the mountain ridges creates a valley breeze. |
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| Exposed, upwind side of a topographic barrier that faces the wind that flows across it. |
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| The part of the atmosphere above the troposphere |
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| Inter-tropical convergence zone |
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| The average moition of air in the mid-latitudes |
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| A large scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitude |
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| (Inner Tropical Convegence Zone) |
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| 2 concetrated, high altitude, W&E flowing atmospheric circulation system |
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| "Season" a vegional windflow that streams onto and off certain landmasses on a seasonal basis. |
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| This colliding air rises, creating a belt of low pressure near 60 degrees north |
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| A wind blowing steadily toward the equator from the north east in the North Hemisphere |
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| Winds that blow from the highs at the north and south poles towards low pressure areas. |
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| Westeny flow of winds that dominates the upper atmospheric circulationi system poleward of 15 degrees |
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| Water changes from liquid to a gas |
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| Cloud category that encompasses thin, wispy sstreaklike clouds consisting of ice particles. |
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| Cloud category that has thick, puffy masses |
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| Sediments, soil and rocks are added to a land form/ land mass |
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| Water droplets that condense on surfaces at and near the ground |
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Combined processed
1. Water evaporates from land
2. Passes into atmosphere by transpiration |
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| Complex system of exchange involving water |
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| "Hidden heat" involved in the process of melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation |
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| Removal- as water goes into the river |
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| Air that is holding all the water vapor molecules it can possibly contain as a given temperature. |
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| A solid can change into a gas |
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| Invisible gas form of water |
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| Very large parrel of air in the boundary layer of the troposphere |
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| Produced an advancing cold air mass hugs the surface and displaces all other air as it goes under |
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| Produced when an advancing warm air mass intreges on a preexisting cooler one |
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| Surface that bounds an air mass along which contact occurs with a neighboring air mass |
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| Small vortex of air, that descends to the ground from rotating clouds |
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| Dry conditions- at regional scale |
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| Rainfall produced by moist air parcels |
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| The inner product of the operator deo and given vector |
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| Open vertical tube that makes the center of a hurricane |
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| Tropical cyclone capable of inflicting great damage |
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| The energy that an object has due to its position in a force field or that a system has due to the configuration of its parts. |
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| Organized, moving atmospheric disturbance |
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| Capable of inflicting great damage |
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| Intensified tropical depression |
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| The highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductilely deforming region of the upper mantle of the Earth. |
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| Any of the large stable areas of low relief in the Earth's crust that are composed of Precambrian crystalline rocks. |
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| Shaking/trembling of Earth's surface |
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| Igneous rocks that are rich in elements |
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| Solid, most inner portion of the Earth |
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| Outmost shell of the solid Earth |
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| A large fraction of Earth's interior |
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| Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or rock that is rich in magnesium and iron, and hence is a contraction of "magnesium" and "ferric". |
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| develop when a continental plate is crumpled and is pushed upwards to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called orogenesis. |
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| Vertical distance between the highest and lowest elevation in a given area |
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| The waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. |
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| Viscous interior shell of the Earth |
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| A theory that explained how continents shift position on Earth's surface. Set forth in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, a geophysicist and meteorologist, continental drift also explained why look-alike animal and plant fossils, and similar rock formations, are found on different continents. |
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| An actively deforming region where two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere move toward one another and collide. |
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| A linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. |
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| Volcanic island chain produced in a zone where 2 oceanic plates are converging |
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| One of the fragmented, rigid segments of the lithosphere |
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| Supercontinent, hypothezised by Alfred WEGNER |
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| The theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. |
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A large elongated depression with steep walls formed by the downward displacement of a block of the earth's surface between nearly parallel faults or fault systems.
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| A process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. |
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| The process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge |
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| Soil-layer formation process involving the weathering of rocks and minerals |
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| The process of growth or increase, typically by the gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter. |
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| The state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust and mantle such that the crust "floats" at an elevation that depends on its thickness and density. |
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| Subregion of rocks processing properties that sharpy distinguish it from surrounding regional rocks |
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A fault-bounded area or region with a distinctive stratigraphy, structure, and geological history.
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| Angular, jagged, blocky shaped lava formed from the nardening or not especially fluid lava |
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| Steep-walled, circular volcanic basin, usually formed by the collapse of a volcano whose magma chamber emptied out |
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| Volcanic Landform consisting mainly of pyoclastics |
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| Volcano formed, usually above a subduction zone, by the eruption of a succession of lava and pyroclastics |
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| Very extensive lava flow of basaltic compostion that has issued from a tissue |
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| Place of very high temperatures in the upper mantle that reaches the surface as a "plume" of extraordinary high heat |
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| hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments flowing down the slopes of a volcano and (or) river valleys. |
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| lava with a smooth, shiny, or swirled surface and comes from the Hawaiian verb hoe, "to paddle" |
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| a fast-moving current of hot gas and rock |
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| a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid magma flows. |
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| Opening through the Earth's crust from which lava erupts |
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