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Midterm 1
History, Regions, Intro to Histology, Head, Neck
76
Anatomy
Graduate
09/05/2009
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Term
Anatomic Misconceptions of Greeks
 Definition
Arteries--air filled
Veins--carried blood one way (like a tree)
Heart--good feelings, center of thought
Brain--radiator to cool body
Term
Galenius
 Definition
Galenius—huge influence in western society
Believed in empirical science
Knowledge of anatomy necessary
Human dissection taboo
Term
Scholastic period lecture
 Definition
Professor--read from Gaylands book the anatomical structures
Barber Surgeon--dissect body
Ostensor--pointed out anatomical structures as professor read it
Term
Father of Modern Anatomy
 Definition
Vesalius--challenged Galen by firing ostensor and barber surgeon and teaching anatomy himself; published a new, more correct atlas "The Fabrica"; helped himself to what he could get for dissection
Term
Cadavers for Med Schools in 1800s
 Definition
Grave robberies
Burke and Hare--offing people and selling their bodies to med schools
Part of criminal punishment could be to have body used as cadaver after capital punshment
Term
Burke and Hare
 Definition
Killed people to make money from their bodies by selling them to medical schools; eventually caught when they let one girl go home and killed the other; Hare blamed Burke for the murders so Burke was killed and his body used for anatomy classes at a med school; this called for a change in the way bodies were acquired for anatomy classes
Term
Egyptian 2500 BC
 Definition
mummification, internal organs were pulled out; dealing with dead made you unclean; heart was left in body, brain was discarded (no known fxn); canopic jars held organs that were removed (intestine, stomach, liver, lungs)
Term
Greek 600 BC
 Definition
holistic approach, not into empirical science, no knowledge of anatomy necessary; human dissection was taboo
Term
Hippocrates 400 BC Greek
 Definition
medicine is an art; rejected superstitions; holistic practice, no knowledge of anatomy necessary
Term
Aristotle 350 BC Greek
 Definition
believed in empirical science, knowledge of anatomy necessary, human dissection taboo, used comparative anatomy instead
Term
Galen 200 AD Greek
 Definition
huge influence in western society; believed in empirical science, knowledge of anatomy necessary, human dissection taboo, blood letting
Term
Medieval 200 AD
 Definition
dark ages and scholastic period
Term
Scholastic Period
 Definition
lived and breathed Aristotle and Galen; physician’s carried around a flask of urine; bloodletting was typical; Oxford University was founded; boot books (Galen and Hippocrates)
o Lecture—Professor read from Galen, Ostensor pointed to structures as professor read them; Barber surgeon dissected specimen
Term
Modern 1500 AD
 Definition
• Vesalius 1500 AD—“father of modern anatomy,” fired barber surgeon and ostensor and taught class himself; created Fabrica (anatomy atlas) which corrected some of Galen’s work; helped himself to what he could get for dissections; rejected by colleagues, loved by students
Term
Anatomy Laws
 Definition
 1832—Act for regulating schools of anatomy, made it illegal for medical students to obtain bodies thru illicit mean, it didn’t speciry a limit on the number of bodies, just the means by which they were obtained
 1869— Act for regulating schools of Anatomy in Maine—if any resident of the state requests or consents that after his death his body be delivered for the advancement of anatomical science unless some kindred for family connection makes objection.
 1969—Uniform Anatomy Gift Act—ensured donor right to donate body to medical science
Term
cephalic
 Definition
head
Term
caudal
 Definition
tail
Term
pectoral
 Definition
chest
Term
axillary
 Definition
arm pit
Term
brachial (arm)
 Definition
shoulder to elbow
Term
cubital
 Definition
elbow
Term
antibrachial (forearm)
 Definition
between elbow and wrist
Term
carpal
 Definition
hand
Term
digital
 Definition
fingers
Term
coxal
 Definition
hip
Term
femoral
 Definition
thigh
Term
patellar
 Definition
front of knee
Term
crural
 Definition
leg -- knee to ankle
Term
talus
 Definition
ankle
Term
pedal
 Definition
foot
Term
saggital plane
 Definition
divides right from left
Term
frontal plane
 Definition
(coronal) divides anterior from posterior
Term
transverse
 Definition
divides superior from inferior, cross section
Term
flexion
 Definition
; anterior to coronal plane above hips; opposite below hips
Term
extension
 Definition
straighten out; inferior to coronal plane above hips; opposite below hips
Term
opposition
 Definition
thumb to finger
Term
epithelial
 Definition
lining
Term
connective
 Definition
matrix
Term
muscular
 Definition
contractile
Term
nervous
 Definition
conductive
Term
characteristics of ephithelial tissue
 Definition
Cells, Free Surface, Basement Membrane, Junctions between cells, Membrane Channels, Avascular
Term
simple squamous
 Definition
lung alveoli
Term
simple cuboidal
 Definition
kidney
Term
simple columnar
 Definition
lining of stomach and intestines
Term
stratified squamous
 Definition
keratinized--skin
nonkeratinized--vagina
Term
stratified cuboidal
 Definition
salivary glands
Term
stratified columnar
 Definition
larynx
Term
pseudostratified columnar
 Definition
trachea and bronchus
Term
transitional
 Definition
urinary bladder
Term
cervical vertebrae characteristics
 Definition
 Transverse Foramen (in side)
 Atlas has little or no spinous process
 Rest of CV have a notch in spinous process (bifid—split)
 Lacks a body (second cervical vertebrae is the only in the body with two bodies (dens) (one from C1 and one that’s its own); Axis is so named because these two heads allow for right to left rotation
Term
Anterior triangle
 Definition
mandible, sternocleidomastoid, imaginary midline down center of neck
Term
Posterior Triangle
 Definition
trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, clavicle
Term
Sternocleidomastoid
 Definition
O: manubrium, medial clavicle; I: mastoid process and superior nuchal line; N: Accessory (CN XI); A: rotates and extends neck, flex neck and elevate face; turns toward injury if there is a problem
Term
Trapezious
 Definition
O: Occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, Spinous processos of C7-T12; I: Clavicle, acromion process, scapular spine; N: Accessory (CN XI); A: extends and laterally flexes neck, rotate scapula during adduction of upper limb from 90-180 degrees
Term
Infrahyoid Muscles
 Definition
• Sternohyoid
• Sternothyroid
• Thyrohyoid
• Omohyoid
Term
Coronal
 Definition
between frontal and parietal
Term
Sagittal
 Definition
between right and left parietal bones
Term
Lambdoidal
 Definition
between parietal and occipital
Term
Squamosal
 Definition
between parietal and temporal
Term
CN 1
 Definition
olfactory; cribiform plate, sensory (sense of smell)
Term
CN 2
 Definition
optic; optic foramen; sensory (sense of vision)
Term
CN 3
 Definition
oculomotor; superior orbital fissure; motor (eye muscles) and parasympathetic (sphincter of pupil and ciliary muscle of lens)
Term
CN4`
 Definition
; superior orbital fissure; motor (superior oblique)
Term
CN5
 Definition
; superior orbital fissure; motor (superior oblique)
Term
CN6
 Definition
abducent; superior orbital fissure; motor (lateral rectus)
Term
CN7
 Definition
facial; internal auditory meatus, stylomastoid foramen; sensory (sense of taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, external ear, palate) and motor (muscles of facial expression, throat and middle ear) and parasympathetic (submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, glands of nasal cavity and palate)
Term
CN8
 Definition
 vestibulochoclear; internal auditory meatus; sensory (hearing and balance)
Term
CN9
 Definition
glossopharyngeal; jugular foramen; sensory (taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, palatine tonsils, posterior 1/3 of tongue, middle ear, carotid sinus and carotid body) and motor (pharyngeal muscle) and parasympathetic (parotid salivary gland, glands of posterior 1/3 of tongue)
Term
CN10
 Definition
vagus; jugular foramen; sensory (inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal organs, sense of tastes from posterior tongue) and motor (soft palate, pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal muscles and an extrinsic tongue muscle) and parasympathetic (thoracic and abdominal viscera)
Term
CN11
 Definition
accessory; foramen magnum, jugular foramen; motor (sternocliedomasoid and trapezius)
Term
CN12
 Definition
hypoglossal; hypoglossal canal; motor (tongues muscles Pg. 469 and throat muscles)
Term
muscles of mastication
 Definition
 Masseter--bite
 Temporalis—bite
 Pterygoid—chewing
Term
muscles of facial expression
 Definition
 Orbicularis oculi--closes eye
 Orbicularis Oris—closes lip
 Zygomaticus major—elevates and abducts upper lip
 Depressor labii inferioris—O: lower border of mandible; I: skin of lower lip and orbicularis oris; N: facial; A: depresses lower lip
 Depressor anguli oris—depresses angel of mouth
 Levator labii superioris—elevates upper lip
 Occipitofrontalis— moves scalp, elevates eyebrows
Term
muscles of the eye
 Definition
 Lateral rectus—abducens 6
 Superior oblique—trochlear 4
 Superior rectus—oculomotor for the rest
 Inferior rectus
 Medial rectus
 Inferior oblique
Term
muscles of the tongue
 Definition
 Palatoglossus
 Styloglossus
 Hypoglossus
 Genuglossus
Term
muscles of the pharynx
 Definition
 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
 Superior “ “
 Medal “ “
 Stylopharengius
 Salphingopharengius
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