Term
| How is the high pressure from the pumping of blood into the aorta absorbed? |
|
Definition
| by expansion of the wall of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| What keeps flow constant through the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| the tonicity of the muscular layers of the muscular arteries and arterioles |
|
|
Term
| What maintains pressure and blood flow through the arterioles into the capillary bed during diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| What type of endothelium lines the lumen of all blood vessels and how is it arranged? |
|
Definition
simple squamous longitudinally oriented with respect to long axis of vessel |
|
|
Term
| What comprises the tunica media and how is it organized? |
|
Definition
smooth muscle, connective tissue, fenestrated elastic sheets and/or elastic fibers circularly organized |
|
|
Term
| What does the tunica adventitia additionally contain in larger blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| nerves and nutrient vessels (vaso vasorum and nervi vasorum) |
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica adventitia? |
|
Definition
| outermost layer, connective tissue which blends with surrounding tissue |
|
|
Term
| Which layers does the capillary not have which all other vessels do? |
|
Definition
tunica media* and tunica adventitia *lymphatic also may not have tunica media |
|
|
Term
| Which type of vessel has the most extensive tunica media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is thicker, artery or vein? |
|
Definition
| artery due to much thicker tunica media |
|
|
Term
| What is the internal elastic membrane? |
|
Definition
| a thick sheet of elastic tissue on which sits the tunica intima of large, elastic arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is the extermal elastic membrane? |
|
Definition
| a discontinuous band of elastic tissue at the junction of the media and the adventitia |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the transition of elastic arteries to muscular arteries? (2 things) |
|
Definition
1 diameter of artery becomes smaller 2 elastic fibers of media gradually replaced by smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| 3 functional properties of arterial walls |
|
Definition
1 thick wall permits high pressure system 2 muscles in arterioles permit shunting of blood past some areas into others. this allows temp control and rich irrigation of muscle beds in stress 3 rectification of pulsatile flow |
|
|
Term
| What are a group of disorders with thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial wall? |
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic lesion in atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| formation of a fibrous fatty plaque within the intima |
|
|
Term
| What happens in arteriosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| extracellular substance is deposited in the intima and media resulting in hardening and thinning of the vessel lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sheet like out-folding of the endothelium and underlying connective tissue to form a pair of flaps that permit unidirectional blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What is the immediate postcapillary venule characterized by? |
|
Definition
| the presence of pericytes |
|
|
Term
| How are venules important in inflammation? |
|
Definition
| endothelial cells are sensitive to histamine, contract and sparate from one another exposing naked basement membrane. neutrophils stick to the exposed collagen and move out into the connective tissue (extravasate). |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of capillaries? |
|
Definition
| continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of continous capillaries? |
|
Definition
| endothelial cells rolled upon themselves and joined together by junctions, have a continuous basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of fenestrated capillaries and where can you find them? |
|
Definition
cell cytoplasm thins to form pores, have a continous basal lamina kidney, endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of discontinous capillaries and where can you find them? |
|
Definition
sinusoids, cells not joined continuously by junctions at their margins resulting in irregular gaps between them, have a discontinous basal lamina liver, spleen |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lymphatic vessels? |
|
Definition
| collect fluid and proteins and other material from the connective tissue and return them to the blood after passing hrough the lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| foreign materials are removed by macrophages and antigens are presented to the antibody producing cells |
|
|
Term
| What does insufficient draining by lymph vessels cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the corresponding heart structure for the following: 1 tunica intima 2 tunica media 3 tunica adventitia |
|
Definition
1 endocardium 2 myocardium 3 epicardium |
|
|
Term
What is the layer of loose connective tissue beween the endocardium and myocardium? What does it contain? |
|
Definition
subendocardial layer blood vessels, nerves and branches of impulse-conducting system |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure and function of the endocardium? |
|
Definition
simple squamous epithelium, subendothelial connective tissue semi-permeable barrier, support, elastic tension |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure and function of myocardium? |
|
Definition
bundles of cardiac muscle embedded in connective tissue contraction |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure and function of the epicardium? |
|
Definition
loose connective tissue with coronary vessels, lymphatics and nerves, mesothelium of visceral pericardium support, vasculature, innervation |
|
|
Term
| What cells establish the pace for the rest of the heart? |
|
Definition
| cells of the sinoatrial node |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important that the ventricular muscle is excited after the atrial muscle? |
|
Definition
| so that the ventricles are filled as much as possible before ventricular contraction occurs |
|
|
Term
| What does the AV bundle (of His) do? |
|
Definition
| sens branches to both ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What do Purkinje fibers do? |
|
Definition
| carry the impulse to the cardiac myocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which cells are larger than the normal cardiac myocite, contain abundant glycogen, and travel to the subendocardial space to become intramyocardiac and continuous with normal cardiac myocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of the cardiac skeleton? |
|
Definition
| septum membranaceum, trigona fibrosa, annuli fibrosi |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the cardiac skeleton? |
|
Definition
| myocardial layer surrounding major openings; in intraventricular septum |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cardiac skeleton? |
|
Definition
| anchorage for the attachment of atrial and ventricular muscle; valves |
|
|
Term
| Where do the base of cardiac valves attach to? |
|
Definition
| annuli fibosi of cardiac skeleton |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the chordae tendinae and what are they composed of? |
|
Definition
prevent the av valves from prolapsing into the atrial chamber during ventricular contraction composed of cords of collagen that extend from the free edge of the av valves to muscular projections from the wall of the ventricles called papillary muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary lymphoid organs and what is their function? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow and thymus, they function in the production and maturation of B and T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which secondary lymphoid organs are unencapsulated? |
|
Definition
| tonsils, peyer's patch, appendix, and lymphoid nodules |
|
|
Term
| Which secondary lymphoid organs are encapsulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is produced by the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
| B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte precursors, natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
| What is produced in the thymus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are macrophages involved in? |
|
Definition
| cytokine production, innate immunity and antigen presentation |
|
|
Term
| Name four antigen presenting cells. |
|
Definition
macrophages b-lymphocytes interdigitating dendritic cells langerhans cells |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the thymus after puberty? |
|
Definition
| involutes and becomes infiltrated with adipose connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure and function of the epithelial reticular cells? |
|
Definition
stellate shaped cells that form a supporting framework for the maturing T lymphocytes joined via desmosomes component of blood thymus barrier |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of macrophages in the thymus? |
|
Definition
| antigen presentation of self antigens during the maturation process, phagocytosis of apoptotic T lymphocytes selected against durring differention, blood-thymic barrier |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the medulla of the thymus and what is its distinctive structure? |
|
Definition
mature lymphocytes leavew Hassels' corpuscles- composed of concentrically arranged, flattened epithelial reticular cells that can be calcified |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the blood thymus barrier? |
|
Definition
| critical for the process of learning to distinguish self from non-self, do not see blood before they are ready to |
|
|
Term
| How do mature T lymphocytes leave the thymus? |
|
Definition
| via postcapillary venules located at the cortex/medulla jxn |
|
|
Term
| Which organ does not contain postcapillary venules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a primary nodule and a secondary nodule? |
|
Definition
| primary is a cluster of unstimulated lymphocytes, secondary develops from a primary nodule after antigenic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| What is a germinal center? |
|
Definition
| a lighter staining portion of a secondary nodule |
|
|
Term
| What is mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, what is its function and give an example? |
|
Definition
unencapsulated lymphoid tissue found in the mucosa and submucosa of the gi, respiratory and genitourinary tracts protect common sites of microbial invasion wher elumens are open to external environment gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) |
|
|
Term
| What are the function of M cells in peyer's patches? |
|
Definition
| capture and transport antigens from lumen to underlying ct where apc's and macrophages are present |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of palatine tonsils? |
|
Definition
| strat squamous epitehlium, invaginations form crypts, heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of pharyngeal tonsils? |
|
Definition
| ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, folded forming pleats |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of the lingual tonsils? |
|
Definition
strat squamous epithelium, each has a crypt |
|
|
Term
| What are functions of lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
filter lymph non-specific filtration of microorganisms and particulate matter antigen recognition/trapping and immune cell interactions activation and proliferation of B and T cells |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the hilum of a lymph node? |
|
Definition
| blood vessles and nerves enter and leave and efferent lymphatic vessels exit |
|
|
Term
| Where do afferent lymphatic vessels enter the node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the region of loosely organized, diffuse lymphatic tissue that receives lymph from the afferent lymphatic vessels and contains a loose network of reticular fibers and cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are branched extensions of dense lymphatic tissue that arise in inner cortex that contain primarily B lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are dilated spaces continuous with intermediate sinus that separate cords which are often bridged by reticular fibers and cells which join at the hilum to deliver lymph to the efferent lymphatic vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of lymph flow? |
|
Definition
afferent lymphatics subcapsular sinus intermediate sinuses medullary sinuses efferent sinuses |
|
|
Term
| What are functions of the spleen? |
|
Definition
filters blood immune response removal of damaged rbc's sequesters monocytes hamatopoiesis storage of blood/platelets recycling of iron |
|
|
Term
| What arise from the splenic capsule and subdivide the splenic pulp into incomplete compartments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the splenic pulp divided into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of splenic white pulp and how is it organized? |
|
Definition
| maximizes interaction between blood antigens and cells of immune system, organized around arteries: periarterial lymphoid sheath |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of splenic red pulp and how is it organized? |
|
Definition
maximizes interactions between blood and macrophages organized around venous sinuses |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of splenic blood flow? |
|
Definition
| splenic artery enters at hilum, branch and follow trabeculae as trabecular arteries, branches become ensheatherd by T lymphocytes (PALS) and become central arteries, leaves white pum and looses PALS and subdivides to form penicillar arteries, enter sheathed capillaries (PAMS) which enmpty into the splenic cords and cells migrate through tissue to reenter the ciculation via the splenic sinusoids (open ciulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loose connective tissue/reticular fibers which contain capillaries, rbc's, macrophages, platelets, plasma cells, reticular cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the venous drainage of the red pulp sinuses? |
|
Definition
| pulp veins -> trabecular veins -> splenic vein |
|
|
Term
| What is the central artery surrounded by in white pulp? |
|
Definition
| a T lymphocyte rich sheath, the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) |
|
|
Term
| What do the central artery and associated PALS become associated with periodically along its course? |
|
Definition
| B lymphocyte rich nodular lymphatic tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the marginal zone in the white pulp? |
|
Definition
| surrounds the lymphatic nodules of white pulp. this consists of blood sinuses, loose lymphoid tissue whith many active macrophages, and an abundance of blood antigens. has a key role in the immune function of the spleen |
|
|
Term
What is the major cell type in the epidermis? What are some minor cell types? |
|
Definition
major: keratinocyte minor: melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the dermis? |
|
Definition
| ct layer, highly vascular, contains numerous specialized sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is in the hypodermis? |
|
Definition
| loose ct, contains adipose cells, superficial fascia |
|
|
Term
| What are the five layers of the epidermis and what are they classified according to? |
|
Definition
1 stratum germinativum (basale) 2 stratum spinosum 3 statum granulosum 4 stratum lucidum 5 stratum corneum classified accourding to the maturation and differentiation of the major cell type: keratinocyte |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the stratum germinativum? |
|
Definition
| the basal most layer resting on a basement membrane containing a single layer of low columnar cells with a high number of mitotic figures. these cells move upwards and replenish the cells lost at the surface during epidermal turnover. desmosomes bind te cells at their upper and lateral surfaces and hemidesmosomes bind these cells to the basal lamina. cells contain keratin assembled into tonofilaments inside the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the stratum spinosum? |
|
Definition
| 2-4 layers of cells connected by desmosomes. contain keratin filaments organized into tonofibril bundles |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the stratum granulosum? |
|
Definition
2-3 layers of flattened squamous epithelial cells, their cytoplasm filled with coarse basophilic granules (keratinohyalin granules) |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the stratum lucidum? |
|
Definition
| an extremely thin translucent layer more apparent in thick skin |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the stratum corneum? |
|
Definition
| the apical most layer, contains many layers of flat-cornified cells, filled with keratin filaments. number of cell layers varies with the thickness of the skin |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major zones of the dermis? |
|
Definition
papillary dermis (looser areolar ct, blood vessel plexus) reticular dermis (dense, irregular ct) |
|
|
Term
| Which contents of keratohyaline granules promote tonofilament assembly and initiate the process of cornification? |
|
Definition
| filaggrin and trichohyalin |
|
|
Term
| What is a characteristic feature of keratinocytes? |
|
Definition
| melanosome complexes (produced by melanocytes and phagocytosed by keratinocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What are melanocytes derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layers are melanocytes found in? |
|
Definition
| stratum basale and basal layers of stratum spinosum with long processes extending among keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of melanin? |
|
Definition
| protects dividing cells from UV radiation |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in the synthesis of melanin? |
|
Definition
| tyrosine -> 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine -> dopaqunione -> melanin |
|
|
Term
| What are Langerhans cells? |
|
Definition
| dendritic cells with long processes found primarily in the upper layers of the stratum spinosum; involved in binding, processing and presenting antigen to T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Where are Merkel cells found? |
|
Definition
| thick skin of plams and soles, occur in the basal part of the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Merkel cells? |
|
Definition
| considered to be involved as sensory mechanoreceptors, evidence sugges a further possible role in the diffuse neuroendocrine system |
|
|
Term
| What are Ruffini endings? |
|
Definition
| expanded nerve endings sensitive to stretch |
|
|
Term
| What are Meissner's corpuscles? |
|
Definition
| an encapsulated nerve ending found in dermal papillae, sensitive tactile sensation, very rich in finger tips and lips |
|
|
Term
| What are Pacinian corpuscles? |
|
Definition
| an encapsulated nerve ending found in dermis and hypodermis sensitive to pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are Peritichial nerve endings? |
|
Definition
| associated with hair and sensitive to hair movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of eccrine sweat glands and their mode of secretion? |
|
Definition
simple coiled tubular glands, merocrine secretion basal coiled secretory portion and a duct that empties directly onto skin surface |
|
|
Term
| Where can apocrine sweat glands be found, how do they empty and what is their classification? |
|
Definition
axilla, anal and genital areas open into hair follicles simple coiled tubular glands |
|
|
Term
| Where can sebaceous glands be found, how to they secrete, what does the secretion contain, what is the mode of secretion, and what is the classification? |
|
Definition
in dermis all over body except palms and soles via a hair follicle, except in lips and genitals triglycerides, fatty acids, and cholesterol holocrine simple branched acinar |
|
|
Term
| How do hair follicles develop? |
|
Definition
| down growth of the epidermis into dermis and subcutaneous tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal dilation of the hair follicle |
|
|
Term
| What is the hair papillae? |
|
Definition
| an invagination of loose ct that is richly vascularized, sustains the follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidermal cells covering the hair papillae, based on position, they give rise to hair cortex, medulla, and cuticle, region contains melanocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are epithelial sheaths of the hair follicle? |
|
Definition
| internal root sheath: dervied from most peripheral cell of hair matrix, multilayered surrounds lower portion of hair; external root sheath: continuous with epidermis, at the surace contains all layers of basale |
|
|
Term
| What is the connective tissue sheath of the hair follicle? |
|
Definition
| outermost layer of the follicle, continous with dermis, insertion of the arrector pili muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the lymphatic drainage of the skin? |
|
Definition
| begin as closed sacs in the papillae and converge to from 2 plexuses |
|
|
Term
| What are the arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin? |
|
Definition
| function in thermoregulation, bypass the superficial capillary networks from the subpapillary plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the subpapillary plexus? |
|
Definition
| found at the junction of the papillary and the reticular dermis, supplies capillary loops within dermal papillae |
|
|
Term
| What is the cutaneous plexus? |
|
Definition
| found at the border between the dermis and hypodermis, supplied by the subcutaneous tissue |
|
|
