Term
| The unique presence of ______________ in fungal cell membranes is the most important target for antifungal drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| What does amphotericin B and azole drugs do? |
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Definition
| These drugs inhibit ergosterol synthesis |
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Term
| What is a common target for antimicrobial drugs? |
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Definition
Peptidoglycan in the cell wall 70S ribosomes |
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Term
| What is the difference between Procaryotic and Eucaryotic microorganisms? |
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Definition
Procaryotes have 70S ribosomes and no defined nuclear membrane Eurocaryotes have 80S ribosoomes and a defined nuclear membrnae |
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Term
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Definition
Optional portion of bacterial genome. Extrachromosomal dsDNA (usually circular). Transferable between bacterias. May contain gene encoded for antibiotic resistance or bacterial toxins **Can replicate much more quickly than an entire genome. |
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Term
| The bacterial chromosome is considered ___________ because of the rapid replication process. |
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Definition
Mirahaploid. Technically haploid. |
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Term
What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic? |
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Definition
Lytic. The virus infects the cell, makes copies, and LYSES the cell for reinfection. Lysogenic.The virus infects the cell, integrates itself into host DNA, and GENerates its chromosomal products (eg. exotoxins)
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Term
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Definition
| Viruses that specifically infect bacteria. |
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Term
| What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacterial cells? |
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Definition
-selective protective barrier -site of ATP production (no mitochondria) -site of synthesis of cell wall precursors (eg. PG) |
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Term
| What is the composition of peptidoglycan? |
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Definition
-peptides and sugars -NAM (N-acetyl muramic acid) -NAG (N-acetyl glucosamine) NAM and NAG crosslink to form chains, which are linked to form layers of the peptidoglycan network.
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Term
| What is the function of peptidoglycan? |
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Definition
| Provides shape and rigidity to the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
Forms the crosslinkage between NAM-NAG. Cyclosporins inhibits transpeptidase. |
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Term
| Describe the cell wall structure of Gram Negative bacteria. |
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Definition
Gram stain:RED THIN peptidoglycan layer Outermembrane present with LPS (lipopolysaccharide). |
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Term
| Describe the cell wall structureof Gram Positive bacteria. |
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Definition
Gram stain: PURPLE (purple = positive) THICK peptidoglycan layer No outermembrane. |
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Term
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Definition
Outer repeating polysaccharide located as part of the LPS of the outer membrane in GN bacteria. Used for serological purposes to identify bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
A phospholipid known as lipid A, is part of the outer membrane of GN bacteria. Can cause fever, HOTN, and septic shock |
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Term
| What is the difference between endotoxin and exotoxin? |
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Definition
Endotoxin. Heat stable and bound to cell; only present in G- bacteria
Exotosin.Heat unstable and secreted by cell; may be present in G- or G+ bacteria
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Term
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Definition
Inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines Eg. tetanus shot
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Term
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Definition
Composed of flagelin. Used for bacterial motility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Baterial sense of chemical gradients that motivates them to move toward nutrient rich environments. |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of firbilin or pilin. Used for adherence, bacterial conjugation, and antiphagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
-formed in response to poor conditions (low nutrients) -formed inside vegetative bacterial cell -most resistant life form to drying, heat, chemicals Spore forming genuses: Bacillus, Clostridium |
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Term
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Definition
| Only grows in the presence of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only grows in the absence of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
Grows in the presence of little oxygen. Candle jar. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ever present dynamic population of microorganisms that inhabits most of our epithelial/mucosal surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| Host and microbe benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| beneficial to one, neither harmful or beneficial to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| beneficial to one, harmful to the other |
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Term
| Name three benefits of normal flora. |
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Definition
1. synthesizes and excretes vitamins that can't be made by man 2. prevents colonization of pathogens by competing for attachment sites and/or essential nutrients 3. production of substances that eitehr inhibit or kill other indigenous non-specific bacteria 4. keeps the immune system antigenically primed for action |
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Term
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Definition
| any disease producing microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
Isolate suspected pathogen Demonstrate absence in other healthy organisms Induce suspected pathogen into healthy and produce disease re-isolate suspected pathogen from newly infected subject for confirmation |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogens acquired from the environment or from other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogens that are pathogenic microbes and are a part of our normal microflora |
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Term
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Definition
| The place where you would normally find a particular pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| The thing that transmits the disease |
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Term
| List four modes of transmission of exogenous bacteria |
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Definition
Congenital Direct contact Aerosol Ingestion Trauma IV transfusion/percutaneous Sexual |
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Term
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Definition
| microorganisms that are capable of producing disease given the oppoortunity |
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Term
| How can bacterial endocarditis happen? |
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Definition
Trauma of the mouth. Streptococcus sanguis is part of our normal tooth flora. In an open wound of the mouth, it can enter the blood stream and attach itself to the heart walls, causing endocarditis. |
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Term
| How can pseudomembranous colitis happen? |
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Definition
Given a broad spectrum antibiotic. Clostridium difficle is a normal flora of the colon. Wiping out other normal flora, C. difficle can overgrow in colon and cause diarrhea with yellow-white plaques on the colon mucosa.
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Term
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Definition
Exposure to a disease, get sick, and successfully respond without a vaccine. Memory T cells will allow immunity for next exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can occur trans-placenta or through breast milk. |
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Term
| Active artifical immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| Artificial Passive immunity |
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Definition
| Injection of antibodies made from another person |
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Term
| What is the advantage/disadvantage of natural and artifical immunization? |
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Definition
Natural. slow, but longer lasting Artificial. fast, but shorting acting
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