Term
| What are 4 tools used in the diagnosis of viruses? |
|
Definition
Tissue cultures
Immunocytochemical staining
Antigen detection
PCR
11-2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of symmetry that viral capsules exhibit? |
|
Definition
Helical or rod shaped
Spherical with icosahedral symmetry
11-3 |
|
|
Term
| T/F. All capsids are composed of capsomeres. What are capsomeres? |
|
Definition
| F. They may or may not be composed of capsomeres. Capsomeres are defined as a clustering of capsid proteins discernible by electron microscopy. 11-3 |
|
|
Term
| Viral genome + capsid = ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The herpes virus has a special layer in between the capsid and the envelope. What is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The name of an intact infectious viral particle is this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if an enveloped virus loses its envelope? |
|
Definition
It will no longer be capable of infecting its host.
11-4 |
|
|
Term
| Which type of capsid structure requires that the virus have an envelope? |
|
Definition
| animal viruses with Helical symmetrical structure 11-4 |
|
|
Term
| What are the axes of rotational symmetry in an icosahedral capsid? |
|
Definition
| 2,3, and 5 fold axes. 11-5 |
|
|
Term
| What are the six classes of viruses? |
|
Definition
| ssDNA, dsDNA, dsRNA, (-)ssRNA, (+)ssRNA, and retroviruses (also contain (+)ssRNA) 11-5 |
|
|
Term
| What are the seven families of DNA viruses? |
|
Definition
| Hepadnavirus, herpesvirus, adenovirus, poxvirus, papovavirus, parvovirus, and iridovirus. HHAPPPI "happy' 11-6 |
|
|
Term
| What families are ssDNA viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are the only circular DNA virus families? |
|
Definition
Papovavirus, and hepadnavirus.
11-6 |
|
|
Term
| Which DNA virus family does not have an icosahedral capsid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the only DNA virus that does not replicate in the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enveloped or naked: Hepadnavirus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enveloped or naked Poxvirus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enveloped or naked: Herpesvirus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enveloped or naked: Iridovirus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enveloped or naked: Parvovirus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enveloped or naked: Adenovirus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enveloped or naked: Papovavirus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four classes of RNA viruses? |
|
Definition
| (+)ssRNA,(-)ssRNA, segmented (-)ssRNA, and segmented dsRNA. 11-7 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 steps in the viral life cycle? |
|
Definition
Initiation Phase: Attachment, penetration (entire nucleocapsid enters), uncoating
Replication Phase: gene expression, replication
Release Phase: assembly, and release. 11-8
These main events are common to all viruses, only details vary. |
|
|
Term
| What part of influenza virus binds to what part of host cell? |
|
Definition
| Hemagglutinin on influenza virus binds to sialic acid on host cell. 11-8 |
|
|
Term
| What does the hemagglutinin on influenza virus bind to on the host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the requirement for a virus to fuse with the cell plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
It must have an envelope. The envelope fuses with the plasma membrane and allows the nucleocapsid to enter the cell.
11-8 |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Only unenveloped viruses enter the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
|
Definition
F. Both enveloped and unenveloped can enter this way.
11-9 |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways that newly synthesized enveloped viruses can exit the cell? |
|
Definition
| Budding through the plasma membrane. Fusion of secretory vesicles containing the virions with the plasma membrane. 11-10 |
|
|
Term
| T/F. All enveloped viruses gain their envelop from the plasma membrane of the host. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only virus that uses host polymerase to replicate their DNA? |
|
Definition
| Parvovirus (the only ssDNA family). 11-10 |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell do most DNA viruses replicate their nucleic acid and assemble the nucleocapsid? What is the exception to this? |
|
Definition
| The nucleus. Poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm. They encode all the machinery they need in their genome and do not need nuclear enzymes in the host. 11-10 |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell do most RNA viruses replicate and assemble? What is the exception? |
|
Definition
| In the cytoplasm. Influenza (Orthomyxoviridae) viruses are negative sense and make mRNAs in the nucleus. 11-10 |
|
|
Term
| Which virus's replication is most error prone? |
|
Definition
RNA viruses utilizing RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. (transcribing RNA to RNA)
11-10 |
|
|
Term
| What two forms of viral replication violate the central dogma of biology? |
|
Definition
RNA dependent RNA polymerase
RNA dependent DNA polymerase 11-11 |
|
|
Term
| This is an important target for virus therapy (in general). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large viruses like herpesvirus exhibit gene expression that is divided into three classes. What are they? |
|
Definition
Immediate early (alpha), early (beta), and late (gamma)
alpha gene expression required for expression of beta and gamma genes.
beta genes make proteins for viral DNA rep.
gamma genes make proteins for structural proteins.
11-3
(so DNA replication occurs between early and late gene expression) |
|
|
Term
| (-)ssRNA virion particles must bring what with them into the cell in order to complete their infectious cycle? |
|
Definition
RNA polymerase. It must be already present in the virus to turn (-)RNA into (+)RNA that can be transcribed.
11-15 |
|
|
Term
| What three components (other than the genome) must be present in the virion of a retrovirus? |
|
Definition
| Reverse trancriptase, integrase, and protease. 11-17 |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the hepadnavirus genome? |
|
Definition
| Incompletely double stranded DNA. Uses reverse transcriptase for replication. 11-17 |
|
|
Term
Hantavirus is a member of the following family:
a. Togaviridae
b. Bunyaviridae
c. Filoviridae
d. Papovaviridae |
|
Definition
b. Bunyaviridae
17-3, 11-7 |
|
|
Term
| Are viruses motile or nonmotile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are virus envelopes made of? |
|
Definition
| lipids (or at least they are lipid-containing). Also have proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein shell surrounding the viral nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| Are nonenveloped or enveloped viruses easier to destroy? |
|
Definition
| enveloped viruses are easier to destroy |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the two types of symmetry exhibited by viral capsids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disase does Poxviridae cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease does Herpesviridae cause? |
|
Definition
| HSV1, HSV2, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), CMV, VZV, KSHV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the mnemonic you use to remember the DNA viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the mnemonic used to remember the RNS viruses? |
|
Definition
Please Call (ss+, nonenveloped)
TCR for (ss+, enveloped)
Friday's Rheal Performance Of BA/R (ss-enveloped/ds nonenveloped).
OBAR are all segmented. |
|
|
Term
| Which RNA viruses have segmented genomes? |
|
Definition
Orthomyxoviridae (ss -,enveloped)
Bunyaviridae (ss-,enveloped)
Arenaviridae (ss -, enveloped)
Reoviridae (ds, nonenveloped) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rhabdoviridae (ss -, enveloped RNA virus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orthomyxoviridae (ss -, enveloped segmented RNA virus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filoviridae (ss -, enveloped RNA virus) |
|
|
Term
| What family does the Hantavirus belong to? |
|
Definition
| Bunyaviridae (ss -, enveloped RNA virus family) |
|
|
Term
| What family does Rotavirus belong to? |
|
Definition
| Reoviridae (ds, nonenveloped, segmented RNA viruses) |
|
|
Term
| What family do rhinoviruses belong to? |
|
Definition
| Picronaviridae (ss +, nonenveloped RNA viruses) |
|
|
Term
| What family do polio viruses belong to? |
|
Definition
| Picornoviridae (ss +, nonenveloped RNA viruses) |
|
|
Term
| What family do noroviruses belong to? |
|
Definition
| Caliciviridae (ss +, nonenveloped RNA viruses) |
|
|
Term
| What family of viruses cause SARS? |
|
Definition
| Coronaviridae (ss +, enveloped RNA viruses) |
|
|
Term
| What family of viruses cause West Nile and Dengue? |
|
Definition
| Flaviviridae (ss +, enveloped RNA viruses) |
|
|
Term
| What family of viruses cause HIV? |
|
Definition
| Retroviridae (ss +, enveloped RNA viruses) |
|
|
Term
| What family of viruses cause Hep A? |
|
Definition
| Picornaviridae (ss +, nonenveloped RNA viruses) |
|
|
Term
| How do nonenveloped viruses usually exit a host cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe polarity of + and - sense RNA strands. |
|
Definition
+: 5'-3' polarity (is ready to be translated)
-: 3'-5' polarity (must be copied to + sense strand before translation) |
|
|
Term
| What viruses family causes Hep B? |
|
Definition
| Hepadnaviridae (ds, enveloped DNA virus) |
|
|
Term
| Describe replication strategy of Retroviruses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe replication strategy of Hepadnaviruses) |
|
Definition
|
|
