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Definition
1. The suspect microorganism must be present in diseased individuals and absent in healthy individuals.
2. The suspect microorganism is isolated from a diseased individual and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured suspect microorganism, when introduced into healthy individuals, must cause the disease.
4. The suspect microorganism must then be isolated from the newly diseased individuals. |
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| Difference between sugar-phosphate backbone on RNA and DNA |
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Definition
| RNA has a reactive hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon of ribose that destabilizes the molecule. |
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Definition
| Is about 2 micrometers long with a 1 micrometer diameter. |
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| Interferes with the ability to form crosslinks. It does not affect crosslinks already formed; therefore, this antibiotic can only kill bacteria that are actively growing and dividing. |
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| Breaks the linkage between N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid |
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Definition
contain plasma membrane, surrounded by cell wall made up of peptidoglycan, surrounded by lipoproteins, surrounded by outer membrane, surrounded by lipopolysaccharides, surrounded by s-layer, surrounded by slime layer or capsule. Flagella has 4 disks. NAM-NAG has 4 side chains rather than 9 |
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Definition
| contain plasma membrane, surrounded by cell wall made up of peptidoglycan. Flagella has 2 disks. |
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| only found in Gm+ bacteria--sticks out like pins in a pincushion. Helps hold layer after layes together. |
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| if the bacterium is unable to make it, then they can’t make their own cell wall. Is essential for survival. |
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| a disaccharide of phosphorylated N-acetylglucosamine derivatives 1-6 linked, and connected to 5 or 6 fatty acid chains attached to the 2- and 3- carbons, and also to other fatty acid chains in an unusual manner |
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Definition
| (10 saccharides) attached to one of the two glucosamines |
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Definition
| motored by protons rotating the protein disks. turns counterclockwise. |
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Definition
| is elongated by sending proteins from the interior, through the hollow flagellum, and attaching to the end |
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Definition
different bacteria have different ones of these; is used to recognize strain of bacteria. Are over 100 known for E. coli |
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Definition
| bind to sugar that transports into cell |
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Definition
| donut shaped protein that allows molecules to enter the cell into the periplasm; contains a pore--limits the size of the molecule allowed in. Also determines antibiotic. |
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| Bacterial lipid structure |
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Definition
| if the change in Gibbs Free Energy ([image]G) for the reaction is negative |
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Term
| The [image]G for the hydrolysis of ATP |
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Definition
| ATP = -7.3 kcal/mole, so ATP hydrolysis can theoretically be used to make any reaction go if that reaction's [image]G is less than +7.3 kcal/mole. |
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Term
| Cells use two major techniques to control when a reaction will occur: |
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Definition
1) Enzyme synthesis is controlled by genetic means (the enzyme is or is not made from the gene for that enzyme) 2) Enzyme activity is controlled through the use of inhibitors and activators. |
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Definition
| used to break food down to provide energy |
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Definition
| used to make cell-specific components from basic chemical building blocks plus energy |
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Definition
| Microbes that can use O2 as their ultimate electron acceptor |
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| Electron donors in heterotrophs |
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Definition
| reduced organic compounds (i.e. fat and sugars) |
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| Electron donors in anaerobic respiration |
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Definition
| H2, formic acid, ammonia, nitrate, hydrogen sulfide, and iron |
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Term
| purpose of competitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| determine which reactions will occur in pathway and when |
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Definition
| any organism that uses organic (fixed carbon) as carbon source. also can't use CO2 as primary energy source |
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Definition
| any organism that uses CO2 as its primary electron source. uses inorganic carbon as carbon source. |
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Definition
| Cyanobacteria, halophiles (Archea) , purple sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria, methanogens (Archea) |
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Definition
| Production of ATP increases; flagella rotates more quickly |
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Definition
| Contains 2 Fe atoms, which accept 2 e- from NADH + H+ and releases 2 H+ into the exterior as well. Also grabs 2 H+ from the cytoplasm and pass them to the exterior of the cell. Passes the 2 e- to coenzyme Q. |
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Definition
| Uses FADH2 to get 2 e- and 2 H+, which are both passed to cytochrome Q. DOES NOT contain Fe. |
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Definition
Contains 1 Fe molecule. Accepts electrons from both complex I and complex II, for a total of 8 e-. 4 protons are pushed out of the complex. Also passes 4 of the e- to coenyzme Q and cytochrome C. |
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Definition
| Has no Fe. Accepts 2 e- from cytochrome C, passes them onto oxygen on the interior while simultaneously pumping 2 H+ out. |
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Definition
| Is located between all complexes. Accepts 2 e- at a time from Complex I, coupled with the pumping of 2 H+ at a time, releasing 4 H+ and giving Complex III 4 e-. Also takes 2 e- from Complex III, and accepts 2 H+ from the interior. Takes 2 e- at a time from Complex II as well, pushing out 4 H+ at the same time and giving 4 e- to Complex III. |
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Definition
| Contains Fe. Accepts 2 e- from Complex III, passes them onto Complex IV. |
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Definition
| use light as energy source |
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Definition
| Plants, cyanobacteria, purple bacteria |
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Definition
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| use organic molecules as energy source |
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| use inorganic molecules as energy source |
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Definition
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Definition
| use organic molecule as e- source |
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Definition
converts excess glucose to ribose (and vice versa) ΔG=0 5 Glucose → 6 Ribose |
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Definition
occurs in cytoplasmic matrix Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2Pi + 2ATP → 2Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2ATP + 2H2O **is sole source of ATP fermentation** 1 cycle makes 37 1/3 ATP |
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Definition
generates NADH, FADH2 and CO2 used to eliminate pyruvate formed by glycolysis |
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Definition
is reverse of glycolysis ΔG = -4.6 **occurs when ATP acts as an inhibitor to glycolysis, allowing this to synthesize glucose |
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Definition
| on average it takes 16 ATPs and 4 NADHs to create 2 molecules of ammonia, and the reaction has to occur in an anaerobic environment. |
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Definition
| The ability to follow a gradient of a chemical either to move towards or away from the source of the chemical |
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| energy for bacterial motility |
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Definition
| PMF; protons move across the plasma membrane through motor proteins that drive the flagellar rotor. |
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Definition
occurs when flagella rotate clockwise; results in a change of direction from unwanted chemical **requires more energy than swimming straight"" **gets energy from NADH** |
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Definition
| smell or taste receptors for chemicals nearby |
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Definition
| glucose, small amounts of acid, maltose, lactose, fructose, amino acids: serine, oxygen |
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Definition
| strong acids, hydrophobic molecules |
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Definition
| carbon source, energy source, electron source-acceptor, nigtrogen source, water |
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Definition
time necessary for 90% of bacteris to die (decrease by a factor of 10) -depends on species and method |
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Definition
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Definition
| removing microbes from inanimate objects |
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Definition
| removing microbes from living tissue (can't be as harsh as disinfectants) |
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Definition
| 63-66° for 30 minutes (kills 80-99% of bacteria) |
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Definition
| 121° C for 15 minutes at 2 ATM |
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| time is takes to kill "all" bacteria |
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