Term
|
Definition
| agents that kill bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| agents that inhibit bacterial growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| this antibiotic has a wide range of activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| antibiotics have a smaller range of activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| antibiotics that are effective against just one species of microorganism |
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Term
|
Definition
ability of a microorganism to become resistant to an antibiotic.
Means the bacteria has changed so the antibiotic is no longer effective against that strain of bacteria |
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Term
| Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus- MRSA |
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Definition
| Means Resistant to penicillins |
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Term
| Vancomycin -resistant enterococci - VRE |
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Definition
| Enteric digestive tract bacteria that is resistant to vancomycin |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides- used for? |
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Definition
| they interfere with protein synthesis |
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Term
| Cephalosporins- used for? |
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Definition
| Block an enzyme that is needed to strengthen the cell wall; cytolysis (rupture of cell wall) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interfere with protein synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cipro - can be used in urology; anthrax |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used in OB/GYN and MRSA infections |
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Term
|
Definition
| Treatment for osteomyelitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used in colorectal procedures and against anaerobic bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| are not really antibiotics but antimicrobials commonly called sulfa drugs. Many people have allergies to sulfa drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
| are used in urology. These have sulfonamides in them |
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Term
| Five different ways that antibiotics work: 1) |
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Definition
| They can stop the cell wall from forming or affect the growth of the cell wall, make wals too weak to sustain |
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Term
| Five different ways that antibiotics work: 2) |
|
Definition
| Interfere with protein synthesis . Synthesis means building - there is not nutrition for bacteria |
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Term
| Five different ways that antibiotics work: 3) |
|
Definition
| Disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, causing leakage of materials necessary for cell function |
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Term
| Five different ways that antibiotics work: 4) |
|
Definition
| Inhibit the production of the nucleic acids such as RNA or DNA that are necessary for bacterial replication |
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Term
| Five different ways that antibiotics work: 5) |
|
Definition
| Interfere with bacterial cell metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the process which builds molecules the body needs; it usually requires energy for completion |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules; it usually releases energy for the organism to use |
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Term
| Areas antibiotics are affecting |
|
Definition
Cell wall #1
Cell membrane #3
Reproduction # 4
Nutrition #5 |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Prevent an infection - Prophylaxis
Treat an infection |
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Term
|
Definition
Transmission of a disease from one person to another without a middle man or “intermediary”
blood or body fluids coming into contact with another persons non-intact skin, weakened skin or enters through another body orifice
body lesions comes into contact with non-intact skin of another person
kissing
sexual contact
sneezing or droplet |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmission requires an intermediary- something has to bring it to a person - No direct human to human contact |
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Term
|
Definition
Fomites
Vectors
Food
Dirt and dust
Moisture |
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Term
|
Definition
inanimate object
- sheets
- wound dressings
- cell phones
- keyboards |
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Term
|
Definition
animate object
arthropod (ticks, mosquitos) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| some microorganisms can live for a while in dirt, dust, sputum, pus, blood that are dried |
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Term
|
Definition
| on soiled instruments can carry bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
Exact point that bacteria enters body. Can prevent or cause infection by entry
sometimes a break in the skin
bug bites
skin to skin
ingesting |
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Term
|
Definition
for infection to occur there must be a significant amount of microorganisms at site of entry
going to vary dependent on the virus or microorganism |
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Term
|
Definition
| living source - provides nutrition for microorganism |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability of pathogen to cause a disease. Strength of pathogen |
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Term
|
Definition
the total of the body’s defenses against a pathogen
intact skin
mucous membranes
adequate nutrition
cilia in the respiratory tract
immune system |
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Term
|
Definition
| the way a pathogen enters the host |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Portal of Entry - Respiratory tract |
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Definition
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Term
| Portal of Entry - Alimentary tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Portal of Entry - Genitourinary tract |
|
Definition
urinary system/ reproductive system
ex.
STD
catheterization |
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Term
| Portal of Entry - Placenta |
|
Definition
mother to child
ex. HIV
syphilis |
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Term
| Portal of Entry - Circulatory System |
|
Definition
invade blood stream
ex.
bug bite |
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Term
|
Definition
pathway by which microorganism leaves the body
all body excretions are potential portals of exit |
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Term
|
Definition
carries microorganisms
ex.
Hepatitis B, C
HIV |
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Term
| Portal of Exit -Fecal matter |
|
Definition
feces
ex.
Hepatitis
Amebic dysentery |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Portal of Exit -Respiratory secretions |
|
Definition
comes out as sputum/ droplets
ex.
TB
common cold (sneezing) |
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Term
|
Definition
ex.
strep throat
common cold
hep B
rabies
HIV (if blood in the saliva) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Portal of Exit -Semen and vaginal secretions |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
ex.
cerebrospinal fluid
synovial fluid
pericardial fluid
amniotic fluid
breast milk |
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Term
|
Definition
protect you and patient from the spread of infections
Standard Precautions (New): treat all body fluids as infectious
Universal Standards (Old): treat all blood and some body fluids as infectious |
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|
Term
| Means of controlling the transmission of infections: Portal of entry |
|
Definition
place bandage over all wounds
wear masks over nose and mouth
wear protective eyewear or face shields
insect repellant
not eating or drinking anything that could be infected
properly cleaning after urination and defecation
use only sterile supplies when doing invasive procedures
using aseptic technique |
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|
Term
| Means of controlling the transmission of infections:Portal of exit |
|
Definition
bandage any wounds that are draining
wear mask for people who are ill
decontaminate all surfaces and devices after we use them
wear gloves when there is any risk of coming into contact with bodily fluids.
use protection during sexual contact |
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Term
|
Definition
protect you and patient from the spread of infections
Standard Precautions (New): treat all body fluids as infectious
Universal Standards (Old): treat all blood and some body fluids as infectious |
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Term
|
Definition
Host who harbors a pathogen
may be living or non- living ( animate/inanimate object) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
flea-black plague
mosquito- encephalitis
tick- Rocky mountain spotted fever |
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Term
|
Definition
-human
-incubatory
-convalescent
-active
-passive |
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Term
|
Definition
| capable of spreading disease when asymptomatic |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmitting while in the incubation stage of the disease (when the disease is still growing) |
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Term
|
Definition
| spread while recovering ex. cholera |
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Term
|
Definition
| spread while in intense (active) stage of disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| harbor the pathogen without ever having the disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of the patterns of and spread of disease within a population. The CDC / Center of Disease Control is responsible for epidemiology |
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Term
|
Definition
| outbreak of disease that is more than the usual number of cases in a given time in a certain area |
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Term
|
Definition
| disease with a usual or expected number of cases in a given time in a certain area |
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Term
|
Definition
| an outbreak of disease that has spread nationwide or across several countries |
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Term
| To understand epidemiology we must understand several things about the pathogen |
|
Definition
-where does it live in the host
-what kind of host it can infect
-whether it can survive outside of the host |
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Term
|
Definition
| an infection that begins abruptly and is severe |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| an infection that progresses slowly and may last for a long time; can also recur periodically |
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Term
|
Definition
| hepatitis B, C, HIV, AIDS |
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Term
| Stages of a disease: Incubation period |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Stages of a disease:Prodromal period |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Stages of a disease: Invasion period |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Stages of a disease: Acme period |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Stages of a disease: Convalescence |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Disease that lasts a certain length of time and is usually followed by recovery |
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Term
| Self-limiting disease - examples |
|
Definition
| chicken pox , the common cold, and mumps |
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|
Term
| Self-limiting disease treatment |
|
Definition
| would just be treating symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| The infection is not totally eradicated, some microorganisms remain in the body. There may be periods of acute episodes during the chronic phase when the disease is worse |
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|
Term
| Chronic infection example |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an overwhelming systemic infection of the blood . Pathogens are circulating in the blood and reproducing, affecting all systems and threatening life |
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|
Term
| Septicemia May occur with : |
|
Definition
Highly virulent organisms
When the body’s defenses are compromised
When the organism is resistant to drug |
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Term
|
Definition
| is also an infection of the blood but in small numbers for a short time |
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Term
|
Definition
| is an observable or measurable change that indicates an illness |
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Term
|
Definition
| an infected person who has symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
This person is asymptomatic or without symptoms
These people are still reservoirs ( sources of disease ) and may develop clinical infections or spread the disease |
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Term
| Types of symptoms:Local symptoms |
|
Definition
| site of symptoms (how much depends of area affected) |
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Term
| Types of symptoms: Purulent exudate |
|
Definition
| pus present/discharge - bacterial |
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|
Term
| Types of symptoms: Serous exudate |
|
Definition
| watery discharge - usually viral |
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|
Term
| Other local symptoms depend on the site involved: Respiratory |
|
Definition
| coughing, sneezing, difficulty breathing |
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|
Term
| Other local symptoms depend on the site involved: Digestive |
|
Definition
| nausea, vomiting (emesis), diarrhea |
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Term
|
Definition
-not specific to a local area
-body wide
-fever, headache, fatigue, nausea
-will depend based on microorganism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-WBC
-Differential count
-ESR - Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate |
|
|
Term
| 5 Types of White Blood Cells: |
|
Definition
All are leukocytes just different types
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
lymphocyte
monocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if number is raised, acute infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if increased numbers, chronic infection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| if increased numbers, chronic infection |
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|
Term
| ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) |
|
Definition
distance RBC descend in normal saline in 1 hour
increased ESR can indicate an infection in the body |
|
|
Term
ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate):
Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| a conclusion of the nature of the illness |
|
|
Term
| ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate): Syndrome |
|
Definition
| a characteristic group of symptoms accompanying a certain disease |
|
|
Term
| ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate): Prognosis |
|
Definition
| prediction of the probable outcome of a disease, based on the knowledge of doctor and an idea of the patient’s health |
|
|
Term
| ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate): Therapy |
|
Definition
| once a disease is known the doctor is going to prescribe a treatment |
|
|
Term
| ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate): Prevention |
|
Definition
| stopping a disease before it happens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines the percent of each of the white blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an illness occurring from an error to a patient in a hospital or nursing home |
|
|
Term
| NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS: May occur by: |
|
Definition
| carrier, fomite, vector, contaminated food or water; SSI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a patient’s own normal flora can cause a nosocomial infection by being introduced into an abnormal body site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nosocomial infection that comes from another carrier’s normal flora; ex. staph- not putting on gloves correctly or contamination of something that then enters the surgical site |
|
|
Term
| Factors that contribute to nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
-decreased resistance of the host
-poor hand washing
-not changing mask when wet or soiled
-poor aseptic technique during surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
someone’s immune’s resistance is lowered for some reason and is opening them up to possible opportunistic infections (secondary infection);
-post-op, cancer patients, chronic illness, elderly, infants (newborns), |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First antibiotic
Blocks enzyme needed to strengthen the cell wall; cytolysis |
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides: bacteriostatic or bactericidal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides: Narrow or Broad spectrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Garamycin
Kantrex
Tobramycin
(all 3 can be used in orthopedics) |
|
|
Term
| Cephalosporins- bacteriostatic or bactericidal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Ancef
-Keflex
-Mefoxin
-Rocephen
(used with any surgery but used more often on general surgery)(bowel irrigation) |
|
|
Term
| Cephalosporins- broad or narrow spectrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrolides- bactericidal or bacteriostatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrolides- broad or narrow spectrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythromycin (prescribed mainly for respiratory infections) |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines- bactericidal or bacteriostatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines- broad or narrow spectrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocin (acne, Rickettsial infections)
(main use is for chlamydia) |
|
|
Term
| Penicillins- bactericidal or bacteriostatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Penicillins- broad or narrow spectrum? |
|
Definition
| depends on antibiotic used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Amoxil
Methicillin (not used to day)
Many people are allergic or sensitive to this medication
Can cause oral contraceptives to not work correctly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
New class of synthetic antibiotics that has been developed
used to treat MRSA |
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|
