True

Escherichia coli is one of the most common causes of urinary tract infections in women.

Eshcerichia coli is one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections

False

Infection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae does not result in life-long protective immunity.

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungi which grows as a mold in the soil of the eastern and midwestern USA

True

Most people who are exposed to Coccidiodes immitis have asymptomatic infections

Systemic infections with Coccidiodes immitis usually occurs first in the lungs and may disseminate to other tissues, including the meninges and skin

A gram negative rod shows up in a patient's blood sample who has bloody diarrhea as a symptom, what is the most likely cause of this?

Penicillin G is the drug of choice for treating infection by either N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis.

RPR and VDRL tests are rapid inexpensive screening tests that detect syphilis antibodies that fortitously cross-react with cardiolipin

True

Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of otitis media (ear infection) of young children

In ringworm, hyphal cells are present only in the stratum corneum and do not penetrate the basal layers of the epithelium

All of the following are risk factors for Candida albicans infections: diabetes, broad spectrum antibiotic usage, HIV infection, pregnancy

Active immunization against Clostridium with toxoid vaccines is available to both tetanus and botulism, but not gas gangrene

False

During Hepatitis A virus infection, there are multiple serotypes, therefore reinfection is common

During Hepatitis A virus infection, it is highly contagious because it is present at high titers in the blood of infected individuals

During Hepatitis A virus infection, no effective vaccine is presently available

During Hepatitis A virus infection, virus is shed into the feces and infected individuals for approximately two weeks prior to the appearance of clinical symptoms.

Reverse transcriptase mediates HIV viral integration into the host cell chromosome

False

True

True

Most individuals who become infected with HBV resolve their primary infection and develop lifelong immunity

Although it is a DNA virus, HBV utilizes a virally-encoded reverse transcriptase in its lifecycle

most of the liver damage seen in chronic HBV infection is due to the direct cytopathic effect of the virus on hepatocytes

False

Infleunza viruses are non-enveloped RNA viruses

False

Antigenic drift results from teh accumulation of point mutations in the RNA sequence of the viral genome

False

False

True

False

Negative polarity RNA viruses found in spinal fluid requires entry of the nucleus in order to replicate in infected cells

Negative polarity RNA viruses found in spinal fluid requires conversion of its genome into double-stranded DNA in order to produce viral proteins for replication in infected cells

Negative polarity RNA viruses found in spinal fluid requires RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in its core in order to replicate itself in infected cells

Negative polarity RNA viruses found in spinal fluid requires encoding of an aspartyl protease in its genome in order to replicate itself in infected cells

Negative polarity RNA viruses found in spinal fluid requires enveloped characteristic transmitted by respiratory droplets in order to replicate itself in infected cells

False

-azole drugs can treat actinomycosis

Secondary syphilis

can be cultured in vitro from the site of damage

can be cultured in vitro from the site of damage

can be cultured in vitro from the site of damage

can be cultured in vitro from the site of damage

Re-immunization of the infleunza vaccine is recommended each year since a new vaccine is usually formulated each year to combat antigenic variation of influenza virus

True

Prions are unique infectious agents that do not contain RNA or DNA

False

True

True

False

False

In HSV-2, life-long colonization occurs following primary infection

Delivery by C-section, from mothers with active HSV-2 infection , is an option used to prevent severe disseminated infections in newborns

viral respiratory tract infection is a predisposing factor for pneumonia

True

True

True

Inhibition of HIV viral attachment to host cell receptors is a likely chemotherapeutic agent to combat HIV

Inhibition of viral reverse trancriptase activity is a likely chemotherapeutic agent to combat HIV infection

False

What is

• transmitted by saila, breast milk, blood urine, and sex?
• may cross the placenta and is the #1 cause of birth defects in the US
• May cause retinitis in severely immunocompromised patients

1. respiratory syncytial virus
2. herpes simplex virus type 2
3. cytomegalovirus
4. human immunodeficiency virus

3. cytomegalovirus

The spirochete that causes Lyme disease is transmitted to humans by infected ticks

True

The incidence of Lyme Disease is probably vastly overdiagnosed

Treponema pallidum is transmitted by sexual contact

False

True

Multinucleated cells or syncytia are observed in several viral infections because certain viruses stimulate host cell nuclear replication, but inhibit cell division

False

false

Multinucleated cells or syncytia are observed in several viral infections because viral oncogenes up-regulate the cyell cycle and cause uncontrolled host cell growth

Rhinoviruses are transmitted by hand-tohand contact as well as by respiratory aerosols

True

Poliovirus is a picornavirus

Which of the following is leaset likey to be transmitted either in utero or at birth?

1. Herpes simplex virus type 2
2. Measles virus
3. Hepatitis B virus
4. Human immunodeficiency virus
5. Cytomegaly virus