Term
|
Definition
| The relationship between microbiota and the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One organism benefits, the other is unaffected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One organism benefits, the other is harmed |
|
|
Term
| Microbiome/microbiota def. |
|
Definition
| All bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa that inhabit a human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All viruses in a human body |
|
|
Term
| Transient microbiota def. |
|
Definition
| The microbiome is present for days, weeks, or months, but ultimately doesn't persist (fluctuates) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of the microbe to stay attached to the body surface and replicate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Help microbiota attach to host cells |
|
|
Term
| There are fewer microbial cells than human cells in your body. True or False? |
|
Definition
| False, there are slightly more microbial cells than human cells |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 ways bacteria communicate with the host? |
|
Definition
- Changing host gene expression
- Changing production of anti-inflammatory signals |
|
|
Term
| Gut-brain axis explanation |
|
Definition
| Brain activity alters gut function (motility, secretion, etc.), and the microbiome can alter brain function (neurotransmitter release, mood behavior) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main pathways through which the microbiota and host communicate? |
|
Definition
[image]
- Brain connectome
- Gut microbiome
- Gut connectome |
|
|
Term
| What are some benefits of a microbiome? |
|
Definition
- Food digestion
- Synthesizing compounds (eg, vitamins)
- Interfering w/ pathogen colonization (competing for attachment sites and food sources, synthesizing antimicrobial compounds)
- Training the immune system (immunomodulins) |
|
|
Term
| What are some risks of a microbiome? |
|
Definition
- Linked with negative mental disorders
- Microbiota in the wrong place cause infection and disease
- Can harm the immunocompromised (opportunistic pathogens)
- Misuse of antibiotics causes resistance |
|
|
Term
| Dysbiosis def. & factors that cause it |
|
Definition
| Altered balance of microbiome, caused by infections, antibiotics, diet, emotional stress, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Hygiene hypothesis explanation |
|
Definition
| Dramatic changes in human behavior influence the makeup of our microbiota (ex. clean water -> reduces fecal transmission of bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the microbiome absent? |
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Definition
| The microbiome is absent in nearly all parts of the body that are closed cavities (eg brain cavity) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The number of microorganisms that typically inhabit an environment |
|
|
Term
| Are there more aerobes or anaerobes in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skin (epidermis): barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
|
Definition
Barriers: pH 4-6, [high salt], low moisture, contains lysozyme
Microbiome: mostly gram +, eg. S. epidermidis
Dysbiosis: skin diseases, eg. rashes, acne, dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| Disappearing microbiota hypothesis explanation & potential factors |
|
Definition
| The decline of microbiota diversity may lead to increased health issues, factors include: increased incidence or introduction of new disease, and increasing rate of allergies/autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
| Why is the microbiome considered a 'virtual organ system'? |
|
Definition
| The microbiome is composed of a variety of microorganisms that interact in complex ways within the human body |
|
|
Term
| What factors influence a changing microbiome? |
|
Definition
| Aging, diet, exercise, disease, etc. |
|
|
Term
| The eye: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
|
Definition
Barriers: low bioburden, lysozyme in tears, microbes washed away with tears
Microbiome: mostly transient bacteria
Dysbiosis: conjunctivitis (AKA pinkeye) |
|
|
Term
| The nasal and oral cavities + pharynx: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
|
Definition
Barriers: saliva washes away microbes, contains lysozyme
Microbiome: typically comes from mother's skin, eg. Streptococcus, Actinomyces
Dysbiosis: cavities and periodontal disease, dental procedures risk bacteremia~ bacteria getting into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| What do Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius do in the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
| They form a glycocalyx that firmly adheres them to the oral surfaces and each other |
|
|
Term
| What causes dissolved tooth enamel and dental cavities? |
|
Definition
| Fermentation of microbes on teeth -> causes acid production |
|
|
Term
| The respiratory tract: microbiome, and dysbiosis |
|
Definition
Upper respiratory~ contains most microbes, cilia keep most microbes in the nasopharynx
Lower respiratory~ mucociliary escalator sweeps foreign particles up and out of the lungs
Microbiome: Streptococcus, Veillonella, etc.
Dysbiosis: respiratory infections, can add to severity of COPD |
|
|
Term
| The stomach: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
|
Definition
Barriers:
- Stomach~ pH <4, lethal to most bacteria, low bioburden
- Mucous lining~ pH 5-6
Microbiome:
- Stomach~ Streptococcus and Veillonella
- Mucous lining~ Helicobacter pylori
Dysbiosis: malnutrition heightens stomach pH, H. pylori can cause gastritis, and gastric ulcers |
|
|
Term
| The intestine: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
|
Definition
Barriers:
- Duodenum & jejunum~ pH ~8, limits growth. high levels of bile salts
- Illeum and colon~ pH 5-7, lower levels of bile salts
Microbiome: mostly gram +, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla
Dysbiosis: bloating, flatulence, inflammatory bowel disease |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of GI microbiota? |
|
Definition
- Ferment unused energy substrates
- Train the immune system
- Prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria
- Regulate development of the gut
- Produce vitamins for the host
- Produce hormones to direct the host to store fats |
|
|
Term
| How does the microbiome influence obesity? |
|
Definition
1. H2 buildup from bacterial fermentation inhibits further fermentation
2. Methanogens oxidize H2, counteracting H2 buildup
3. Fermentation end products are used by human cells, resulting in weight gain |
|
|
Term
| Genitourinary tract: barriers, microbiome, and dysbiosis |
|
Definition
Barriers: vagina is pH ~4.5, urine washes microbes out
Microbiome: urinary bladder has small # of microbes, most are aerobes. urethra contains most microbes outside (S. epidermidis). vagina (Lactobaccillus spp.)
Dysbiosis: UTI of bladder or kidneys, yeast infections of vagina, correlation of microbiome to susceptibility to STDs |
|
|
Term
| Prebiotics vs. Probiotics def. |
|
Definition
Prebiotics~ non-digestible fibers that promote growth of beneficial bacteria
Probiotics~ beneficial bacteria consumed through fermented foods |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 examples of extreme microbe therapy? |
|
Definition
| Fecal Microbiota Transplant and Phage Therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of organs, tissues, cells, and cell products that work together to differentiate self from non-self, and get rid of substances that do not belong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defense against a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vulnerability to a disease |
|
|
Term
| Innate immune system traits: |
|
Definition
-Present before birth
-Immediate response
-Non-specific, no memory
-Always 'on'
-1st and 2nd line of defense |
|
|
Term
| Adaptive immune system traits: |
|
Definition
-Acquired
-Slower to activate
-Specific response, memory component
-Must first 'see' intruder
-3rd line of defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of new blood cells |
|
|
Term
| What 2 immune cells are erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
| Red blood cells and Platelets |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main types of immune cells? |
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes and Leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the subtypes of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
Lymphoid:
-B cells
-T cells
-Natural Killer cells
Myeloid:
-Mast cell
-Eosinophil
-Basophil
-Neutrophil
-Monocyte: Macrophage and Dendritic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ingestion of a microorganism or other substances by a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that perform phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compound recognized as foreign by the cell/body that elicits an adaptive immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune cells that can process antigens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by T cells |
|
|
Term
| What immune cells are agranulocytes or granulocytes? |
|
Definition
Agranulocytes: Macrophages and Dendritic cells
Granulocytes: Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil, and Mast cells |
|
|
Term
| Are lymphoid cells agranulocytes or granulocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary lymphoid organs & Secondary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
Primary lymphoid organs: maturation of lymphocytes
-Bone marrow (B cells)
-Thymus (T cells)
Secondary lymphoid organs: lymphocytes encounter antigens
-Lymph nodes
-Spleen
-Peyer's patches
-Tonsils
-Appendix |
|
|
Term
| What does the First line of defense include? |
|
Definition
| Physical barriers, Chemical barriers, Normal microbiota |
|
|
Term
| What does the Second line of defense include? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation, fever, phagocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destroy bacterial cell wall |
|
|
Term
| What does Lactoperoxidase do? |
|
Definition
| Produces toxic superoxidase radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destroy microbial membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extremely tight junctions between the endothelial cells of brain capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| How does the placenta act as a physical barrier |
|
Definition
| The placenta separates the fetal and maternal circulation |
|
|
Term
| What are some ways the skin acts as a physical barrier? |
|
Definition
-Closely packed cells & Keratin
-Constant shedding of dead cells
-Dry surface inhibits microbes
-Sebum covers and protects skin |
|
|
Term
| What are microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)? |
|
Definition
| Common structures between many microbes, not specific to any one microbe (ex. LPS, peptidoglycan, flagellin, mycolic acid, etc..) |
|
|
Term
| What do Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) do? What are the 2 types? |
|
Definition
Recognition of MAMPs (used by host cell)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) |
|
|
Term
| What do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) do? |
|
Definition
Recognize MAMPs (via membrane), binding of TLR to MAMP causes the host cell to create interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What do Nod-like receptors (NLRs) do? |
|
Definition
Recognize MAMPs (via intracellular proteins), triggering a different signaling pathway than TLRs
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signaling peptides that communicate with other cells |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen-independent killing mechanisms of the phagolysosome |
|
Definition
| Enzymes (ex. lysozyme, defensins, etc..) |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms of the phagolysosome |
|
Definition
-Oxygen radicals (ex. hydrogen peroxide, superoxide ions, etc..)
-Oxidative burst (phagocytosis uses oxygen) |
|
|
Term
| 5 cardinal signs of inflammation |
|
Definition
-Heat
-Edema
-Redness
-Pain
-Altered function/movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of white blood cells, causes the signs of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| 4 Basic steps of acute inflammation |
|
Definition
1. Infection
2. Resident macrophages recognize & signal
3. Vasodilatation and extravasation of neutrophils and phagocytosis
4. Ending inflammation and healing
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What signals of inflammation are produced by the infection step? |
|
Definition
| microbial growth, leading to production of cell-damaging compounds |
|
|
Term
| What signals of inflammation are produced by the resident macrophage (sentries) step? |
|
Definition
Phagocytosis
Release of inflammatory mediators:
- Cytokines~ signaling peptides that communicate with other immune cells
- Chemokines~ signaling peptides that bring in more immune cells
- Vasoactive factors~ increased vascular permeability (vasodilation) |
|
|
Term
| What signals of inflammation are produced by the vasodilation step? |
|
Definition
Blood slows and accumulates in the affected area
Permeable vessels allow escape of plasma (neutrophils) into the tissue |
|
|
Term
| Cytokines and inflammation signals can cause the production of what 2 factors? |
|
Definition
Selectins~ slow neutrophils, located on capillary lining
Integrins~ bind more tightly to endothelial adhesion molecules, located on neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What does prostaglandin cause? |
|
Definition
| Pain response, caused by vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| What immune cells are the first responders in tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) do? |
|
Definition
| Dumps DNA and antimicrobial substance out of the cell, traps and kills a wide variety of microbes |
|
|
Term
| What happens to neutrophils at the healing stage? |
|
Definition
| They go through apoptosis and are phagocytized by macrophages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes cell damage to clear the pathogen, damage is fixed relatively quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from persistent presence of a foreign body, may cause permanent tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| Causes of chronic inflammation |
|
Definition
Infection:
-Granuloma~ body's attempt to wall off
-Continually stimulate the basic inflammatory response
Non-living, irritant material |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 ways to resist intracellular pathogens? |
|
Definition
| Interferons and Natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
| What are interferons? What are the types? |
|
Definition
Cytokines produced eukaryotic cells, have intracellular pathogen activity
Type I (high antiviral potency) and Type II (immunomodulatory) |
|
|
Term
| How do type I interferons work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do natural killer cells do? What are their targets? |
|
Definition
Destroy defective host cells, infected with virus or bacteria, or cancer cells. Non-specific, recognize MHC class 1 molecules and ADCC
[image] |
|
|
Term
| How are MHC class 1 molecules utilized by NK cells? |
|
Definition
| If no, or less MHC class 1 molecules on nucleated cells, the host cell is defective and results in apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| How is ADCC utilized by NK cells? |
|
Definition
| Recognizes non-specific parts of antibodies made during adaptive immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pore-forming protein inserted by NK cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of cytotoxic protein that enters through a perforin and causes cell apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the body cause fever? |
|
Definition
-Heat sensors: skin, large organs, spinal cord
-Hypothalamus: controls vaso-contriction or dilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances that cause fever, intra and extra, both cause pyrogenic cytokines, leading to higher body temp and constricted blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Advantages vs. disadvantages of fever |
|
Definition
Advantages:
-Pathogen at non-ideal temp. for growth
-Enhance some aspects of immune system
-Iron availability to microbes decreases
Disadvantages:
-Patient discomfort
-High temp. can cause brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20+ proteins produced by the liver that enhance immune cells that destroy microbes. Innate but can be turned off or on by adaptive immune system |
|
|
Term
| When do complement proteins become active? |
|
Definition
| When they are split/cleaved |
|
|
Term
| Complement activation def. |
|
Definition
| Cascade reaction that amplifies effects |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 complement activating pathways? |
|
Definition
1. Classical: depends on antibody/adaptive immune system
2. Alternative: does not require antibody or adaptive immune system
3. Lectin: requires mannose-binding lectin, macrophage first encounters pathogen and releases cytokines
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of complement activation pathways |
|
Definition
| All 3 pathways result in C3 production |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 mechanisms of microbial destruction by complement |
|
Definition
1. Opsonization results in increased recognition of microbes and increased phagocytosis
2. Recruiting WBC and inflammation
3. Formation of MAC (bacterial perforin) results in cytolysis of bacteria
[image] |
|
|
Term
| How can WBC differentials help diagnose disease? |
|
Definition
| Different white blood cells become more common in different infections (eg. viral, parasitic, allergy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Bacteria binds to surface of phagocytic cell
2. Phagocyte pseudopods extend and engulf organism
3. Phagocyte membrane traps organism in a phagosome
4. A lysozome fuses and deposits enzymes into a phagosome, breaking down the organism
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What does the 3rd line of defense contain? |
|
Definition
| Humoral and cellular immunity |
|
|
Term
| What is immunological memory? |
|
Definition
| The ability of the immune system to recognize and respond more quickly to previously encountered pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Primary response of adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
| First time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance |
|
|
Term
| Secondary response of adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
| Later interactions in the immune system with the same pathogen as before, faster |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Humoral adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
-B cells
-Antibodies (AKA Immunoglobin (Ig))
-Made and matures in bone marrow
-Fight extracellular invaders |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Cellular adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
-T cells
-Cell-mediated immunity
-Made in bone marrow, matures in the Thymus
-Fights intracellular invaders (cancer + virus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How well an antigen elicits an immune response |
|
|
Term
| List the types of molecules in order of increasing antigenicity: Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| Lipids < Nucleic acids < Carbohydrates < Proteins |
|
|
Term
| 3 reasons why proteins are the most effective antigens: |
|
Definition
1. Form a variety of shapes
2. Maintain 3-d shape
3. Many different amino acid combinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A specific binding site on an antigen, antigens may have more than one
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antigen that leads to an immune response by itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small molecule that doesn't elicit an immune response by itself, but does when attached to a carrier protein (small molecule + carrier protein = antigen) |
|
|
Term
| Exogenous vs. Endogenous antigen |
|
Definition
Exogenous antigen~ antigens from foreign substances or pathogens
Endogenous antigen (self-antigens)~ antigens normally present on healthy cells |
|
|
Term
| Immunological/Antigen specificity def. |
|
Definition
The degree to which antibodies and cell receptors distinguish between similar-looking antigens
high specificity -> more specific targets
low specificity -> less specific targets |
|
|
Term
| Which phagocytes are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) |
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells |
|
|
Term
| Understand the big picture of adaptive response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are antigens presented on cell surfaces? |
|
Definition
| Through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a collection of glycoproteins embedded in the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MHC class 1: present on the surface of all nucleated cells, often presents endogenous antigens (self), can express antigens from intracellular pathogens and cancer antigens
MHC class 2: present on surface of antigen-presenting cells, presents exogenous antigens (foreign) |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the peptide-binding region of MHC I and MHC II molecules? |
|
Definition
MHC I: closed top, one cytoplasmic tail
MHC II: open top, two cytoplasmic tails
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'bridge' between the adaptive and innate systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Understand the process of phagocytosis -> antigen presentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After engulfing a pathogen, where do dendritic cells go to mature? |
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells go from the infection site ot secondary lymphoid organs -> activate adaptive immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of cytokine that induces the migration of leukocytes
[image] |
|
|
Term
| How are B and T cells activated in the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
APCs present antigens to T cells, and free-floating antigens are recognized by B cells
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What are T cell receptors? |
|
Definition
A protein complex, only present on mature T cells, has highly specific interactions between to certain antigens in MHC complexes
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the thymus T cells differentiate, rearranging their TCR genes and expressing unique TCR proteins, may also express the co-receptors CD4 or CD8
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What types of T cells do CD4 and CD8 co-receptors determine? |
|
Definition
CD4 (Helper T cells): Helps with activating humoral and cell-mediated immunity
CD8 (Cytotoxic T cells): cell-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
| What is positive selection of T cell education (maturation)? |
|
Definition
Tests if a T cell's TCR binds to MHC molecules on the surface of cells
- if TCR binds to MHC molecules T cell lives and moves to the next step
- if TCR doesn't bind, or binds weakly, T cell is killed |
|
|
Term
| Positive (CD4 or CD8) selection of T cell education (maturation): |
|
Definition
In the thymus T cells express both CD4 AND CD8; mature T cells only express CD4 OR CD8
- if TCR interacted with MHC I, the T cell will only express CD8
- if TCR interacted with MHC II, the T cell will only express CD4 |
|
|
Term
| How do T cells recognize antigens? |
|
Definition
| Through being bound to MHC on APCs |
|
|
Term
| What is negative selection of T cell education (maturation)? |
|
Definition
Tests for TCRs with moderate binding to MHC molecules
- if binding is too tight, T cell is killed
- if binding is moderate, T cell lives
Naive T cells migrate to secondary lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
| How are Naive T cells activated (turned into T cells)? |
|
Definition
By binding with APCs (usually dendritic cells):
1. Specific interaction between TCR and MHC (CD4 ->MHC II, and CD8 ->MHC I)
2. Co-stimulation between receptor on T cell and ligands on APC
3. Cytokine production by APC or other cells
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is the general outline of T cell activation? |
|
Definition
| Immature T cells -> Naive T cells -> Activated T cells -> Effector and Memory T cells |
|
|
Term
| What is clonal expansion of B/T cells? |
|
Definition
| Identical replication, all daughter cells will have the same TCR/BCR complexes |
|
|
Term
| Understand the process of Cell-mediated immunity (Cytotoxic T cells) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cell-mediated immunity work? |
|
Definition
Recognizes antigen on MHC I, then secretes perforins, and then granzymes, which kill the infected cell
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of helper T cells? |
|
Definition
induce, regulate, and coordinate immune response by helping T cells, B cells, and activate macrophages through cytokine-receptor interactions
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What causes T cells to differentiate into effector phenotypes? |
|
Definition
| The type of cytokines released by APCs during activation |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of effector phenotypes? |
|
Definition
Type 1: activate macrophages and CTC (effective against cancer, viruses and intracellular parasites)
Type 2: activates B cells and Eosinophils (effective against allergies)
Type 17: recruit neutrophils to act on extracellular parasites
T follicular (Tfh): activation of B cells via T cell dependent process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
After negative selection, some T cells are differentiated into Tregg.
- block activation of self-reactive T cells, and downregulate immune response when not required
- releases immunosuppressive cytokines
- produce cytotoxins to kill activated immune cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are B cells made, and where do they mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies/Immunoglobulins: |
|
Definition
| Recognize and bind to antigens, can be secreted or attached to the cell membrane of a B cell, have at least 2 identical binding sites, bind to a specific epitope on the antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody (2 or more) |
|
|
Term
| What is the simplest Antibody monomer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two main regions: Fab (antigen binding) and Fc (constant)
-Fab: variable between each B cell clone
-Fc: the same between each isotype
[image] |
|
|
Term
| How do different antibodies with different Fab regions bind to the same antigen? |
|
Definition
| They bind to one of the antigen's multiple epitopes |
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic for the 5 types of Fc regions |
|
Definition
| G.A.M.E.D.: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secondary humoral response (reexposure to antigens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secretory antibody, found in tears, breast milk, saliva, lymph, etc...
4 antigen binding sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary humoral response (first encounter of antigen)
10 antigen binding sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allergies and parasitic infections, found on mast cells and basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On BCR, signal B cell differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A clumping reaction of antibodies binding to antigens, helpful for group phagocytosis
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antibodies bind to antigens, coating bacteria and viruses to prevent adhesion to the mucosa, or coating toxins to block attachment
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 protective mechanisms of antibodies attaching to antigens? |
|
Definition
| Agglutination, Neutralization, Oppsonization, ADCC, Complement activation |
|
|
Term
| Complement activation def. |
|
Definition
Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogen, and complement binds to the antibodies to cause inflammation and cell lysis
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Term
| Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) def. |
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Definition
Antibodies bind to antigens on target cell, and cause eosinophils, macrophages, and NK cells to release perforin and lytic enzymes that kill the target cell
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Term
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Definition
Antibodies bind to antigens on a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis
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Term
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Definition
| B cell receptors, membrane-bound antibody proteins that dictate B cell specificity towards one epitope, usually IgD or IgM, multiple copies of the same BCR on an individual B cell |
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Term
| What is the general outline of B cell activation? |
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Definition
| Immature B cell -> Naive B cell -> Activated B cell -> Effector (plasma cell) or Memory B cell |
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Term
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Definition
When 2 adjacent BCRs in one B cell bind to identical epitopes on a microbe, causing clustering of BCR, which sends an activation signal
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Term
| T-independent B cell activation |
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Definition
B cells are activated directly by recognizing an antigen, requires molecules with repeating subunits
- Weaker but faster response
- Differentiate into short-lived plasma cells
- No memory cells generated
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Term
| T-dependent B cell activation |
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Definition
Required Helper T cell (CD4)
Signal 1: BCR recognizes an antigen directly from a pathogen, B cell englufs pathogen and expresses its antigens through MHC II
Signal 2: Activated Th cell interacted with MHC II on B cell using its TCR
- Stronger but slower response
- Generate memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells
- Antigen recognized by B cell is different than antigen recognized on T cell
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Term
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Definition
| A fully matured B cell that has functional receptors, but has not been activated yet |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody-producing cells, only produce one type at a time |
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Term
| What are Germinal center cells? |
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Definition
| B cells that undergo massive clonal expansion, created via T-dependent activation |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-lived cells that can respond to the reintroduction of a previously encountered antigen |
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