Term
|
Definition
| the chemical substances which the microbe needs for cellular activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, potassium (K), Iodine, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium, iron (Fe), Sodium, chlorine (Chloride), magnesium (Mg = Mighty good)
( CHOPKINS Café, Sodium Chloride Mighty good! ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must be provided to the microbe to sustain life and allow growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gain energy from chemical compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gain energy through sunlight, photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can use CO2 as sole source of carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "eat rocks"; inorganic diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses sources of carbon other than CO2 for metabolism and biosynthesis needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relies upon organic compounds for carbon and energy needs
a. Fermentation
b. Aerobic respiration: (use O2 as ultimate electron acceptor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require complex nutrients or growth factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| essential organic compound which is needed by the microbe, but cannot be produced by that microbe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normally feed on non-living organic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
larger particles
▪ Pseudopod extensions encircle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluids and molecules
▪ Microvillius extension(s) surround droplet
▪ Oil droplets (lipids) can just fuse with or go through membrane (hydrophobic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digest outside of the cell and transport in small molecules into the cell across the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Active transport
▪ Carrier-mediated; i.e. pump protein
▪ Energy required for transport proteins to change shape and “force” the nutrient molecule across the bilayer. (Fig. 7.7)
b. Group translocation – nutrient molecule may be chemically altered as part of the transport process. e.g. addition of phosphate group
c. Bulk transport – endocytosis, exocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar concentrations of solute inside vs. outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low outside solute/salt concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high outside solute concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ▪ Range of temperatures between with a microbe can grow < 15°C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ Range of temperatures between with a microbe can grow normally 20–40°C
** most medically relevant group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can survive short exposures to higher temps |
|
|
Term
| Psychrotrophs or facultative psychophiles |
|
Definition
| can grow slowly at lower temps even though they are mesophiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ▪ Range of temperatures between with a microbe can grow > 45°C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| needs oxygen, but requires reduced levels of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Strict or obligate anaerobe |
|
Definition
cannot tolerate any free oxygen; will die if exposed to oxygen
superoxide dismutase (O2–>H2O2) catalase (H2O2->2H2O) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| don’t use O2, but are not harmed by its presence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live in high salt conditions without shriveling up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beneficial relationships between organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reciprocal, obligate, beneficial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| = one benefits and doesn’t harm other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| competition and inhibition by opposing organisms, each of which is capable of independent growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microbial “communication”
▪ Allows for self-monitoring of cell density (population growth)
▪ Secretion of chemical signals – following attachment to a surface, microbe secretes an inducer molecule;
▪ more inducer present = greater population
▪ inducer molecules can stimulate expression (“turning on”) of specific genes
▪ Genetic activation – when quorum (“critical mass”)is reached (i.e. inducer build-up) changes in gene expression occur.
▪ =coordinated expression of digestive enzymes, toxins, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grow population by cellular division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slower rate of cell division AS the microbe “recognizes” and adapts to fresh growth-promoting environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid doubling rate; plenty of nutrients and space; few cells are dying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nutrient/space limitations; sense crowding; death of cells offsets new cell numbers formed by division;
▪ NET viable cell concentration in culture remains constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more cells die than are replaced by division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the large variety of enzymatic reactions constantly occurring in the cell to make (synthesize) and/or degrade (utilize, catabolize) nutrients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compounds resulting from complex set of cellular enzymatic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biological catalyst (usually proteins)
increase the rate of a chemical reaction
▪ is NOT a reactant (substrate) or product
▪ is NOT consumed as part of the reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subject to inactivation; chemically unstable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weak bonds and interactions which hold protein in its native shape are broken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the naked (folded) polypeptide chain(s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apoenzyme + other essential non-protein components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic molecule used/needed by the apoenzyme to do the catalysis (Vitamins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually refers to a metal ion needed for the apoenzyme to do the catalysis and is bound by/to the polypeptide chain. (Trace metals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| always present in cell and at relatively constant levels |
|
|
Term
| induced (inducible/regulated) |
|
Definition
| enzyme produced in high amounts only under appropriate conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
build larger molecules from smaller precursors
▪ usually involve condensation (joining reaction releases a water molecule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| splitting of larger molecules, requiring a water molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple addition/removal of a functional group
e.g. Oxidoreductase (transfer electrons)
e.g. Dehydrogenase (transfer hydrogen with electrons)
e.g. Transferase (transfer functional groups; e.g. carboxyl, amino) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ Glycolysis TCA Cycle ETC (O2 is required for ETC to function)
Net total with TCA + ETC = 38 ATP
(Glycolysis itself does NOT require O2 )
▪ O2 is the final electron acceptor in ETC chain;
▪ continued TCA requires continued function of the ETC to regenerate NAD+.
▪ metabolic intermediates can be used to make proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
▪ Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ Incomplete oxidation or metabolism of glucose (or other sugars)
▪ O2 not required
▪ Organic molecules serve as final electron acceptors rather than O2
▪ Relatively small amount of ATP produced (only 2 ATP per glucose)
▪ Alternate (non- O2 requiring ) solution to regeneration of NAD+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ Glycolysis TCA Cycle ETC (use of NO3, or other as final e– acceptor)
▪ O2 is not the final acceptor (another chemical such as nitrate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| REFERS to conversion of glucose to 2 pyruvates (pyruvic acid), anaerobic, ATP consumed = 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ Enzymes located in: (1) matrix of mitochondria (eukaryotes)
(2) cytoplasm (prokaryotes)
6 CO2 used per glucose |
|
|
Term
| Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
▪ Enzymes embedded in: (1) mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae; eucaryotes)
(2) cell membrane (procaryotes)
End Goals:
(1) Convert reducing equivalents carried by NADH (and FADH2) into ATP energy
(2) Regenerate NAD+ (and FAD) – essential if glycolysis and TCA are to continue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as the series of carriers (cytochromes) shuttle electrons, they pump H+ ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – blocks last enzyme in transfer chain of ETC (cytochrome oxidase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: incomplete oxidation (use) of glucose or other carbohydrate (usually a sugar) due to the absence of oxygen (or absence of ETC capability)
▪ Net yield = 2 ATP per glucose |
|
|
Term
| Organic acid (usually one type ex. Lactic Acid), Mixed acids (Lactic Acid, Formic Acid ect.) , Not an acid (Neutral end product) |
|
Definition
| Other Options for Pyruvate Utilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of metabolites (intermediates) in anabolic and/or catabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make amino acid from sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make other amino acids(swap NH2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (remove NH2) – allows amino acids to be used for energy production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beads on a string" DNA helix is wound around organization proteins called histones in structures further wrapped into higher order arrangements etc. (e.g. supercoiling) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unwinds the helix and separates (“unzips”) strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
builds (polymerizes) new DNA strand by (1) aligning a nucleotide with the correct complementary base with the base in the template strand and (2) catalyzing the sugar-phosphate bond between nucleotides in the forming strand.
Read 3' to 5', Build 5’ to 3’ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
join with protein subunits to form ribosome
▪ transcribed very actively
▪ genes encoding rRNA (on different chromosomes) are arranged to form nucleolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary copy of protein-encoding gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very small RNAs which are specifically linked to one of 20 different amino acids
▪ fold in hairpin loops to form cloverleaf-shaped structure
▪ contain anticodon – used by ribosomes as decoding tools to match codons (every 3 nucleotides in mRNA) with the proper amino acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequence that determines whether a gene will be transcribed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some amino acids can be “called for” by multiple different codons/ anticodons |
|
|
Term
| Substitutions (point mutations) |
|
Definition
▪ Silent = no change in amino acid
▪ Missense = encode different amino acid
▪ Nonsense = creates a stop codon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an insertion/deletion of a DNA nucleotide into the DNA sequence; changes entire ‘downstream’ protein sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ Combine potential carcinogen with rat liver enzyme extract
▪ Add results of the “conversions” to special mutated strain of bacteria
Mutations that revert the his – gene to HIS+ allow individual bacterial cells to survive and form colonies
The more highly carcinogenic a chemical, the more colonies would form due to the increased potential to cause mutations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more than one ribosome is usually translating a given mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes “clip” out introns, and join exons together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial sex: pilus-mediated transfer of plasmid or chromosome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (uptake of naked DNA from solution by bacterial cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (virus involved in the transfer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
F+ factor is in the host chromosome
Part of chromosome is transferred rather than the F+ plasmid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any process that destroys or inactivates ALL viable microorganisms and/or viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition of a material after it has been sterilized
▪ complete absence of living microbes or microbes capable of life
▪ for viruses: incapable of replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of chemical agents (antiseptics) to destroy/inhibit vegetative pathogens on body surfaces (skin, mucous membranes, wounds, surgical incisions). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth of microorganisms or presence of toxins in blood or tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleansing, removal of debris, microbes, and toxins from inanimate surfaces to reduce potential for infection/spoilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dramatically reduce numbers of microbes on living tissue (skin)
▪ typically combined with use of antiseptics |
|
|
Term
(1) Time (not all cells of the same microbe will become inactivated simultaneously)
(2) Type (vegetative cells are more easily killed)
(3) Microbial load = number to start with (killing of higher numbers takes longer)
(4) Action of the Agent (-cidal vs. -static agent) |
|
Definition
| Conditions that influence ability to kill microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shortest length of time required to kill microbes at a specified temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ gamma rays, x-rays
▪ impact forms ions, esp. chemically active ionized free radicals
▪ DNA breaks or major changes are lethal, so cell dies
▪ Applications: Food irradiation, mail, medical instruments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ UV light (lower energy, shallower penetration)
▪ excites atoms to higher energy state (doesn’t move electrons)
▪ Cause less dramatic chemical changes
▪ Crosslinking of nucleotide bases in DNA (Fig. 11.9)
▪ thymine dimers
▪ problems for DNA replication and cell division (eventually cell death)
▪ Applications: Treatment of municipal water supplies (Fig. 11.11), work surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microbicidal; sporicidal with longer exposure
far right of periodic chart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(aromatic rings like phenol) (Fig. 11.12)
▪ Mechanism: @ High conc. – disrupt cell wall/membrane
@ Low conc. – inactivates enzymes
▪ Toxic: many not useful as antiseptics
▪ not reliably sporicidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phenolic derivative that is widely used as disinfectant / antiseptic
antibacterial soap, deodorant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde)
▪ chemically crosslink biomolecules so they cannot function
(disinfection of instruments or plastics)
▪ formalin = dissolved formaldehy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ethylene oxide (ETO; see structure on page 336) – reacts with functional groups of DNA and protein |
|
|
Term
| Antimicrobial chemotherapy |
|
Definition
| use of chemical agents (drugs or antibiotics) to control infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any chemical used in treatment of, relief from, or prevention of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of treatment ahead of time to prevent infection or disease in person at risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibitory compounds that are produced by natural metabolic processes by living organisms (usually microbes produce them to inhibit growth of other microbes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beyond intestine = bypass gastrointestinal tract
injection into vein (intravenous)
injection in muscle (intramuscular)
apply to skin surface (topical)
injection beneath skin (subcutaneous) or body cavity (e.g. intraperitoneal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
three-carbon, one-nitrogen ring; interferes with proteins involved in synthesis of cell wall
▪ penicillins, Cephalosporins block crosslinking of peptidoglycan cell wall
Vancomycin, Bacitracin – hinders elongation of peptidoglycan
Isoniazid (INH) – works by interfering with mycolic acid synthesis; used to treat infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis; oral doses in combination with other antimicrobials such as rifampin, ethambutol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermix with, intercalate into, disrupt or weaken the phospholipid bilayer (cause leakage of proteins, nitrogen bases; esp. gram neg. bacteria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits DNA gyrase/helicase ( DNA unwinding enzymes)
stopping transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits RNA polymerase block transcription (no protein production!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause misreading of mRNA Target 30s subunit (smaller one) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – block attachment of tRNA to Acceptor site (A-site) Target 30s subunit (smaller one) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks formation of peptide bonds Target 50s subunit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits translocation (shift) of ribosome to read mRNA Target 50s subunit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevents initiation by blocking assembly of 50s and 30s subunits with the mRNA
Synthetic-last resort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mimic the natural substrate and therefore vie for active site of enzyme and prevent it from binding substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– inhibits subsequent step in folic acid synthesis
▪ use in combination with sulfa drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complexes with the sterols on fungal membranes, disrupt membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Block (complete) penetration into host cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Block viral replication/transcription
▪ synthetic purine
▪ blocks DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| AZT (azidothymidine/Zidovudine) |
|
Definition
Block viral replication/transcription
▪ thymine analog
▪ blocks Reverse transcriptase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevent particle maturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ Normally endogenous signal released by infected cells
▪ Induces antiviral (inhibitory) “programs” to turn on within neighboring uninfected cells
▪ Helps to enhance immune responses that can detect and destroy the virus and/or virus infected host cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some microbes are not sensitive to some drugs, naturally |
|
|
Term
| Drug inactivation , Decreased permeability or uptale, Change in number or affinity of drug "receptor" sites, Alternate metabolic pathway |
|
Definition
| Specific mechanisms of drug resistance |
|
|
Term
Kirby-Bauer or disc diffusion technique ,
E-test: different concentrations of antibiotic as gradient on single test strip allows for calibration of MIC with single test.
Dilution testing |
|
Definition
| Testing for Drug Sensitivity & Safety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxic dose/(minimum effective dose (MED)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter tissues and multiply. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any deviation from health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leftover undigested lactose is catabolized by microbes leading to gas and cramps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capable of causing infection in “normal” healthy individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors make it more likely that you will succumb to infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors which enable a microbe to invade the host and produce toxins/toxic effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – toxin is injested (botulism food poisoning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diseases caused by toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systemic seeding/progression from originally local infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – subsequent infection allowed by altered host defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objective, observable evidence (what someone else can see/measure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– microbes present and multiplying in blood in large numbers
(you are in trouble!!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria detected, but not necessarily multiplying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virus is present/detected, but not necessarily multiplying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| habitat in natural environment from which pathogen originates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual or object from which you actually obtain the infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
▪ Biological vector – participate in life cycle e.g. flea, mosquito, tick
▪ Mechanical vector – only transport e.g. houseflies, cockroaches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – inanimate material e.g. food, water, tissues, fomites (inanimate objects) |
|
|
Term
CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
▪ weekly Morbidity (death) and Mortality (sick) Report
WHO (World Health Organization) |
|
Definition
| reportable diseases are reported to these organizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of existing cases / total population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of new cases / number of healthy persons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively stable frequency of disease in a particular region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any rise beyond what is expected for frequency within a population |
|
|
Term
| reticuloendotheilial system |
|
Definition
network of fibrous connective elements occupies extracellular space
areas in which white blood cells can migrate and chemicals diffuse
extracellular fluids which surround individual cells
some space between edges of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma less cells, less clotting proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| move in response to chemical signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| migration between gaps in capillary endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phagocytosis (esp. bacteria)
increased neutrophil levels signal bacterial infection vs. viral infection
most numerous
(55-90%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Few
(1-3%) Anti-helminth, anti-fungal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rare
(<0.5%) Similar to mast cells in tissues.
Promote inflammation, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
▪ polymorphonuclear – characteristic multilobed nuclei
▪ named for abundant cytoplasmic granules which stain by Wright Stain procedure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reportable diseases are reported to these organizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Few
(3-7%) Large oval or kidney-shaped nucleus
Very active phagocytes; immune regulation
Circulate only 1-few days exit into tissues, differentiate into Macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2nd-most numerous
(20-35%) Specific immune response
B cells: [B = bursa, a gland in chickens]
production of antibodies
T cells: [T = thymus]
(1) control immune responses (activate or suppress)
(2) help B cells by producing cytokines
(3) kill infected host cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special epithelial cells in thymus that provide signals for T cell development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| undifferentiated T lymphocytes (thymocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals which cause temperature increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compartment in a macrophage or neutrophil where recently endocytosed materials are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oxygen radicals (“respiratory burst”)
other strong oxidizing agents
lactic acid, nitric oxide, lysozyme
all are combined with a phagosome making a ... |
|
|
Term
Specific immune signal (classical pathway) = antibody targeting (an antibody which binds to foreign molecules on a cell surface and attracts C1)
Innate recognition (alternate pathway) = farther down on the pathway, the C3 form can bind to generic bacterial surfaces and trigger the pathway (innate) |
|
Definition
| two ways compliment can be triggered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Final unit formed from compliment
▪ bores holes (pores) in cell wall/membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance which provokes an immune response; can be protein, glycoprotein, carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small portion of the antigenic substance
▪ the particular part of the antigen molecule that is actually "recognized by" (bound by) specific immune receptors/molecules like antibodies or T cell receptors |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies (B cell receptors): |
|
Definition
| can bind to intact antigen structures by binding to epitopes located within the antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can only bind to epitopes that have been removed from the original antigen structures (processing); the epitopes must be presented to the T cell receptors on host major histocompatibility proteins (presentation) |
|
|
Term
| Recombination of V-J-D Sequences |
|
Definition
▪ occurs during B cell development
▪ genomic DNA of an individual B cell is randomly "cut and pasted" to give rise to a unique combination of gene sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activated B-cell undergoes clonal expansion, multiplying and secreting large volumes of antibody (same specificity!) in soluble form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activated B-cell undergoes clonal expansion, multiplying and remaining (~20 yrs) for quick response to repeat infection
▪ memory B cells respond more readily than naïve/virgin B cells
▪ less requirement for T cells to help them upon repeat infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced at first response; secreted, Pentamer, B-cell receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest class (80% of Ig), memory (repeat) response, crosses placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted; mucous membranes, glands (saliva, tears, mucous, milk) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allergy, worm infections (binds to mast cells & basophils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to surface so that pathogen becomes inactivated. esp. viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kills cells by specifically pointing out target to complement system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crosslinking of large aggregates due to bivalency of antibody molecules; contains them; more attractive for phagocytosis; causes precipitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coating to facilitate phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Events in the thymus kill off T cells that can recognize self = host cell antigens/epitopes |
|
|
Term
| Major Histocompatibility molecules (MHC) |
|
Definition
▪ cell surface proteins that (1) signify “self”
(2) present epitopes for immune surveillance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which long polypeptide chains (protein antigens) are cleaved by proteinases into short peptides by the action of proteinases (proteases) inside of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes which cleave peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
almost all nucleated human cells (including phagocytes)
Proteins synthesized inside the presenting cell
(including normal host proteins, viral proteins, mutated cancer proteins)
8-10 amino acids
CD8+ T cells |
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Term
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Definition
only phagocytic cells
▪ macrophages
▪ professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) e.g. dendritic cells
From outside of presenting cell (engulfed material)
12-20 amino acids
CD4+ T cells |
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Term
| CD4+ = Helper T cells (TH) |
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Definition
produce cytokines which are NECESSARY growth and activation signals for…
(1) Macrophage activation:
Stimulate macrophages which have ingested bacteria – to produce higher levels of killing enzymes etc. (activated macrophages)
(2) Stimulate B cell division and differentiation:
Stimulate B cells which have been stimulated by antigen binding – to multiply, produce more antibody and secrete it (Cytokine = Interleukin-2)
(3) Stimulate B cell class switching e.g. IgM IgG, etc.
▪ class switching accompanies additional mutations to antibody producing genes which lead to improvement of avidity of antibody for pathogen targets
(4) Stimulate TC cells:
Stimulate CD8+ cells which have bound appropriate antigen (with TCR) – to divide |
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Term
| CD8+ = Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells (TC or CTL) |
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Definition
▪ Antigen-specific – must “see” proper antigen signal on cell surface (MHC I complex)
▪ Kill target cells: virus-infected host cells or cancer cells
▪ Release perforins (punch holes in target membrane) and granzymes (attack target cell intracellular proteins) |
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Term
| Memory T cells (both CD4+ and CD8+) |
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Definition
| pathogen-specific memory cells are later established; remain long term for future infections |
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Term
| type I immune hypersensitivity |
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Definition
allergy, key is abnormally high levels of IgE antibody
IgE is produced on primary exposure to an antigen (allergen attaches by Fc region to mast cells in tissue locations |
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Term
| type II immune hypersensitivity |
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Definition
recognition of cell-bound antigen by antibody
e.g. transfusion reactions: lysis of cells due to antibody recognition followed by activation of complement when inappropriate blood type is used for transfusion |
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Term
| type III immune hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| = responses to abnormal formation and deposition of immune complexes antibody-antigen complexes) formation of Ab-Ag complexes that form deposits |
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Term
| type IV immune hypersensitivity |
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Definition
DTH (delayed type hypersensitivity) Fig. 16.5
may resemble a local skin allergy, BUT
occurs over a longer time period
involves T cell responses to processed antigens (peptides)
poison ivy |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic testing of serum |
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Term
| Agglutination testing / immune precipitation |
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Definition
| antibody-antigen cross-links can form -so many interconnected cross-links form that visible clumps are formed |
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Term
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Definition
| electrophoresis, stamp onto membrane, antibody has bound to the membrane (test antibody linked to color-generating enzyme), dark blobs in given location (bands) indicate good reactivity or a lot of the target protein that was recognized by the test antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| competition between antibodies which may be in patient serum and an anti-RBC control antibody that will bind to RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
making pathogens glow!
direct vs. indirect |
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Term
| ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) |
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Definition
detect presence of antigen-specific antibodies in serum of patient (a)
detect presence of antigen by using known antibody
Note use of Fc portion of antibody as second specificity handle |
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Term
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Definition
| crystal violet, carbolfuchsin, methylene blue |
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Term
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Definition
| dried preparation of bacterial cells that have been lightly fixed onto a glass slide by gentle heating |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the interaction between the bacterial cell and the dye so that the dye is more tightly bound or the cell is more strongly stained |
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Term
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Definition
| dilutions from water sample are placed in lactose/lauryl trytose broth fermentation tubes (selects of gram -). check for lactose? or gas? |
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Term
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Definition
| highest dilution of gas+ and growth+ are inoculated into brilliant green lactose bile broth. gas+ = confirmation of coliforms |
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Term
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Definition
| coliform+ from green lactose bile broth is streaked on Levine's EMB or LES Endo agar. this is to isolate and characterize individual bacteria |
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