Term
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Definition
| DNA that is made from mRNA using reverse transcriptase |
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Term
| reverse transcriptase is isolated from |
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Definition
| retroviruses, such as HIV |
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Term
| bacterial enzymes that cut DNA molecules only at specific locations |
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Definition
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Term
| nucleic acid molecules that delivers a gene into a cell |
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Definition
|
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Term
| give 3 examples of vectors |
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Definition
| viral genome, plasmids, transposons |
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Term
| useful properties of vectors (4) |
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Definition
| small enough to manipulate in the lab, ensure gene expression, contain recognizable genetic markers, and can survive inside cells |
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Term
| a solution that is used to stain DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| a solution that is used to stain DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| artificials methods of inserting DNA into cells |
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Definition
| electroporation, protoplast fusion, injection |
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Term
| horizontal transfer, name 3 ways |
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Definition
| transformation, transduction, bacterial conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| using a probe to detect the organism, this is how a papsmear works, and use to the the papilloma virus and CMV |
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Term
| recombinant plants and animals altered by addition of gene from other organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| direct contact made between two bacterial cells and genetic information is transfered via a plasmid |
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Definition
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Term
| transfer of DNA between bacteria via a virus (incorporation donor DNA into host cells) |
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Definition
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Term
| the uptake of naked DNA into a bacterial cell and is hibridized with its DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| organism replicate their genome and is transferred to their descendant |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 factors contributed to the controlled of infectious disease |
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Definition
| sewage system (better water), antibiotics, vaccines |
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Term
| this kind of disease is prevelant in all parts of the world, not just US |
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Definition
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Term
| developed as a major killer in Western countries |
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Definition
| tuberculosis-mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid fast testing-does not response to gram testing) |
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Term
| common types of disease in the US (3) |
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Definition
| upper respiratory disease, gastroenteritis, STDs |
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Term
| water born disease, linked to water system, in 3rd world countries, this is a major problem when there is a flood |
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Definition
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Term
| disease caused by lack of immunization |
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Definition
| tetanus (clostridium tetani) |
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Term
| intestinal disease can be caused by |
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Definition
| viruses (rotavirus) and bacterial (salmonella, camphylobacter) |
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Term
| New toxins have been discovered due to bacterial change in pathogenicity |
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Definition
staphyloccocus aureus, streptococcus pyrogens, escherichia coli O157
:H7 |
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Term
| Development of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
| Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – MRSA |
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Term
| a flesh eating disease, dissolves away the smooth muscle, leaving a permanent scar |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a disease that is transfer from animal to human (avian flu) |
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Term
| “New” and Emerging Diseases |
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Definition
| Legionella pneumophilia, Helicobacter pylori, Lassa fever, Hantavirus, Ebola virus, West Nile, SARS Hepatitis viruses -A, B, C, D, E, G , HIV , Bacillus anthracis - smallpox |
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Term
| people at a convention contracted this infection due to the cooling vents in the building |
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Definition
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|
Term
| examples of zoonotic diseases |
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Definition
| Lassa fever, Hantavirus, Ebola virus, West Nile, SARS |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this was spread by rodents (mice) |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are one of the key factor that transmits diseases in human ie> rabies, plaque |
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Definition
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Term
| infections associated with staying in the hospital, old age, and weakened immune sys |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 1/______ infected and 1/_______ deaths in the hospital |
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Definition
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|
Term
| name causes of nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
many patients already ill, impaired defenses
, most virulent forms of disease concentrated in hospital environment
, crowding increases risk of infection
, many hospital procedures (surgery, catheters, injections, etc.) involve risk both to patient and to personnel
,newborn infants especially susceptible, lack functional immune system
, many drugs in use, drug-resistant pathogens common |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| most common urinary tract infections |
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Definition
| E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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Term
| common in surgical infections |
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Definition
Staph. aureus, Streptococcus ,
E. coli and Pseudomonas) |
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Term
| normally does not cause any disease but when the immune system is compromised, it can cause problem: what is this the definition of? |
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Definition
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Term
| growth of a microbe on or within a host |
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Definition
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Term
| Abnormal condition or function |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
No disease,
Mild, general symptoms,
Or specific clinical symptoms |
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Term
| bacteria capable of causing disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Usually pathogens (def and examples) |
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Definition
| Pathogens that will always cause a disease : ie --> Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Yersinia pestis |
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Term
| - relative ability to cause disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Infectious dose (50) ID50 |
|
Definition
| the number of microbs that brought down 1/2 of the people that came in contact with it. the lower the number, the more virulent the microb |
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Term
|
Definition
| the number of microbes it took to kill 1/2 of the people that came in contact with it. the lower the number, the more lethal it is. |
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Term
| name the 4 steps of Koch’s Postulates |
|
Definition
1. Observation
2. Isolation
3. Re-infection
4. Re-observation, Re-isolation |
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Term
| Koch’s Postulates is not done for what microb/organisms |
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Definition
| Mycobacterium leprae, Treponemma pallidum, Polymicrobic infections |
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Term
| Bacteria can cause diseases in one these two ways |
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Definition
| By Invasion (spreading and growing), By Producing Toxic products (stays in one place) |
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Term
| Koch's postulate is used to establish the _________ of a disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
| one organisms--> one microb--> one disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the healthier you are, the higher the ID50 and LD50 number (T/F) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ID50 and LD50 does not depend on the individual (T.F) |
|
Definition
| False, it does depend on the individual, child vs. elders |
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Term
| - highly toxic, food borne toxin (degree of invasiveness) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of no invasion bacteria/microbs |
|
Definition
| Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
| potent toxin (degree of invasiveness) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| examples of minimal invasiveness microbs. |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Clostridium tetani |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of highly invasive microbs |
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Definition
| Shigella strains; Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| invasion is described as (3) |
|
Definition
| attachement, obtaining nutrients, avoid host defenses |
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Term
| why is Koch's postulate not done for mycobacterium leprae (causes lepersy) |
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Definition
| becuase it grows too slow and is hard to isolate and find a good pure culture. |
|
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Term
| why is koch's postulate not done for treponemma pallidum (causes sphyillus) |
|
Definition
| because this bacterium always needs to have human tissue to live, so its impossible to isolate |
|
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Term
| koch's postulate is done for polimicrobic infection (t/f) |
|
Definition
| False, its not done because its hard to isolate each organisms by themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria secretes chemical that attracts other bateria to the site and starts to colonize |
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Term
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Definition
| initiation of colonization, allow bacterias to attach to each other and start to multiply/grow |
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Term
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Definition
| an iron binding protein in bacteria that competes with transferring and lactoferrin in the body to absorb Fe. Fe is essential for bacterial growth. |
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Term
| what defense mechanism is initiated to prevent Fe absorption of the bacteria |
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Definition
| once an infection is detected, Fe will be sequestered in the liver and there will be a decrease of Fe absoprtion in the intestine to starve the bacteria |
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Term
| two ways microbs avoid antibodies |
|
Definition
| 1. rapid antigenic chance 2. precipitation of the Ab |
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Term
| example of a rapid antigenic change microb. |
|
Definition
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae Borrelia spp. |
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|
Term
| example of a microb that causes precipitation of Ab |
|
Definition
| protein A of Staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
| Avoiding the action of phagocytic cells |
|
Definition
| Leukocidins (toxins that are produced), Survival within phagocytic cells , Antiphagocytic capsules |
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Term
|
Definition
| toxins that are produced by the microbs that attacks the phagocytic cells |
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Term
| an organism that produces leukocidins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of microbs that survives within phagocytic cells (facultative intracellular parasites) |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Salmonella typhi |
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|
Term
| chemicals that are produced by bacteria that over activates the T cells, there is an over production if IL1 and IL2 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| c. diptheria (what kind of toxin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| c. tetani (what kind of toxin) |
|
Definition
| exotoxin, neurotoxin, blocks inhibitory transmitter --> continuous contractions--> lock jaw |
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Term
| c. botulinum (what kind of toxins) |
|
Definition
| exotoxin, neurotoxin, inhibits the stimulatory transmitter, causes no contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| exotoxin, dimeric, enterotoxins --> causes diarrhea |
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|
Term
| how does v. cholerae causes diarhhea (what mechanism) |
|
Definition
| the toxin causes an increase in AC, and then there is an increase in cAMP, which decreases the absorptions of the ions back into the cells, which then causes osomosis of H2O back into the lumen, causing diarhhea |
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|
Term
| how does c. diphtheriae causes cell death |
|
Definition
| toxin travels inside and causes inactivation of elongation factor 2, which then prevents protein synthesis of the ribosomes--> cell death. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| attacks the surface of cells, kills human cells, ie> wbc, rbc, plateles |
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|
Term
| A – B type; Exotoxins, enterotoxins – _____ is required for entry into cells; ______ is required for toxin activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin |
|
|
Term
| endotoxins are part of the gram______ outermembrane, and are only release when the cells dies |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| LPS is present in these 3 microbs |
|
Definition
| Escherichia, Salmonella,Shigella |
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|
Term
| LPS binding will cause and activation of the __________ system |
|
Definition
| complement (will eventually lead to endothelial damage due to over production of cytokines and increase vascular permeability) |
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|
Term
| when the complement sys is activated, this can lead to septic shock due to over production of cytokines, name the 3 cytokines that are most likely to cause problems. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Causes fever by stimulating prostaglandin release in hypothalamus; contributes to hypotension |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Contributes to fever, hypotension, hemorrhages in organs, increased breathing and heart rate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Activates monocytes and macrophages, may contribute to vascular damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| highly toxic, nonpyrogenic, highly immunogenic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| weakly toxic, weakly immunogenic, pyrogenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some bacteria has this, this mimics the human component and causes low antigenic effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causative agents of pneumonia and meningitis, including Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and group B streptococci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| O-polysaccharide (somatic antigen) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LPS causes a production of ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TNF enhances coagulation and Promotes of __________ PMN leukocytes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| pili are _________ specific |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Pili type ___ and ____ promote adhesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organs of locomotion, virulence factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organ of your body is bacteria most likely to be harbored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concerned with transmission, spread, control and prevention of infectious disease in populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| : disease stays in population at low frequency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sudden outbreak in disease above typical level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epidemic over wide area (may be entire world). 1918-19 influenza pandemic killed 20 million people worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all reported cases of disease, illness + deaths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reported deaths due to a disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where disease is typically found |
|
Definition
| reserviors (inanimate or animate) |
|
|
Term
| : infected but not obviously diseased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most common route of infection
common cold, influenza, tuberculosis |
|
Definition
|
|
