Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| INNATE IMMUNITY: FIRST line defenses |
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Definition
Physical
Chemical
Normal Microbiota/flora |
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Term
| Innate immunity; second line defenses |
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Definition
1. phagocytes
2. Inflammation
3. Fever
4. antimicrobial substances |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tears, saliva = lysozymes
lactoferrins & transferrins
Defensins |
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Term
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Definition
| host defense peptides (innate immunity) |
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Term
| lactoferrins & transferrins |
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Definition
| found in tears, saliva, mucosa, have antibacterial properties |
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Term
| normal flora/microbiota - 3 ways of protecting us against pathogens |
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Definition
1. competitive exclusion
2. toxic byproduct production
3. alteration of environment |
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Term
| Hematopoietic cell *stem cell produces: (3) blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eusinophils
have granules of antimicrobial enzymes & chemicals in cyctoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
perform phagocytosis...
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of LEUKOCYTES (WBCs) |
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Definition
1. Granulocytes
2. Mononuclear Phagocytes
3. Lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| histamine -- allergy role |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which is better phagocyte: neutrophil or eusinophil? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymphocytes play role in... |
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Definition
| adaptive immunity -- non phagocytic |
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Term
| 2 "professional phagocytes" |
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Definition
| neutrophils and macrophages |
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Term
| _________ make up most WBCs in blood content |
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Definition
| neutrophils (~60 percent) |
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Term
| Phagocytosis Process: 6 steps |
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Definition
1. chemotaxis
2. recognition and attachment
3. engulfment: phagosome
4. formation of phagolysosome
5. digestion
6. exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| TLRs attach to PAMPS (specific patterns in peptidoglycan of cell wall of bacteria) and induce cytokines that regulate DURATION and INTENSITY of immune response |
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Term
| S. pyrogenes and S. pneumoniae do what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
| inhibit adherence: M protein, capsule |
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Term
| Staph aureus does what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
| kill phagocyte with leukocidins |
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Term
| listeria does what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
| lyses phagocyte with MACs |
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Term
| Shigella and Rickitsetta do what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| HIV and TB do what to evade phagocytosis |
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Definition
| prevent phagosome-lysosome complex from forming |
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Term
| coxiella does what to prevent phagocytosis |
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Definition
| survives in phagolysosome |
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Term
| Second Line of Defense: INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
LOCALIZED RESPONSE. symptoms & signs:
RUBOR
CALOR
DOLOR
EDEMA |
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Term
| Inflammation process: 6 steps |
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Definition
1. trigger
2. vasodilation
3. increased permeability of vessels
4. Diapedesis
5. Phagocytosis
6. Tissue repair (pus formation) |
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Term
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Definition
| migration of phagocytes to site of injury in inflammation process |
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Term
| Chemicals released by damaged cells: 4 |
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Definition
HISTAMINES
PROSTAGLANDINS
kinins
leukotrienes |
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Term
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Definition
| IL1 produced by macrophages in response to encountering pathogens, stimulates hypothalamus to raise set point |
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Term
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Definition
activity of WBCs increased by higher temperatures
? |
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Term
| Interferon, 3 types and function |
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Definition
alpha and beta cause antiviral proteins to be made
gamma causes neutrophils and macrophages to PHAGOCYTOSE pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| system of antimicrobial proteins |
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Term
| complement system: proteins and role |
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Definition
C3b = opsinator
C3a and C5a = inflammation
cytolysis = form MACs |
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Term
| complement system activated through 3 pathways: |
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Definition
classical
lectin
alternate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| C5b and up involved in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| does immune system generate response or does it come from external sources |
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Term
| naturally acquired active immunity example |
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Definition
| exposure to pathogen, creates immune response by own body |
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Term
| artificially acquired active immunity example |
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Definition
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Term
| artificially acquired passive immunity example |
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Definition
1. antibodies passed to FOETUS from MOTHER -- against, especially, GI and URI pathogens/infections
2. antibodies passed from mother to child through BREASTMILK |
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Term
| artificial passive examples #2 |
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Definition
| injection of pre-made antibodies...example: snake bite, hep b -- don't have time to wait for immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that stimulates an immune response |
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Term
| antigens usually _____ or ______ |
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Definition
| proteins or lipoproteins, can be polysaccharides |
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Term
| part of antigen that stimulates immune response is called... |
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Definition
| EPITOPE: antigenic components of cell wall, or other site for boding of antibodies, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
antigens that are too small (under 10,000 daltons) to stimulate immune response by themselves...can only do that if somehow attach to CARRIER
ex: penicillin allergy |
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Term
Particulate antigens removed by
soluble antigens removed by |
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Definition
PRECIPITATION
AGGLUTINATION |
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Term
| lymphocytes: phagocytic or not? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of antigens provoke strongest immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| B Lymphocytes originate from _____ |
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Definition
| bone marrow, hence the "B" |
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Term
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Definition
generated continuously in bone marrow, but only about 10% mature and leave
why? -- must pass thru "gates" to ensure is not self-cell targeting |
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Term
| what constitutes mature B lymphocyte? |
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Definition
| has BCR - "b-cell receptor" |
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Term
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Definition
| b-lymphocyte-bound antibody, NON-SECRETED (as other antibodies are) |
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Term
| self-targeting b lymphocytes are killed by... |
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Definition
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Term
| if b lymphocyte finds its specific antigen... |
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Definition
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Term
| primary humoral response steps (4) |
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Definition
| 1. recognition of antigen by B-lymphocytes 2. proliferation of B-lymphocytes 3. differentiation into plasma cells and MEMORY CELLS 4. secretion of ANTIBODIES by plasma cells |
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Term
| memory cells have ___, plasma cells do not |
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Definition
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Term
| primary class / first produced ? |
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Definition
| IG-M immunoglobulin-M (secreted by plasma cells) |
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Term
| what is secondary / second produced in humoral response? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
IG-G has higher affinity to antigen, also produced in higher amounts
so better quality and quantity |
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Term
| t-lymphocytes MATURE in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| t-independent vs t-dependent |
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Definition
t independent antigens (~10% of time) no help needed, B-lymphocytes take care of antigen by themselves
t-dependent antigen: needs help of HELPER T-CELLS ---> help by releasing CYTOKINES to allow b-lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma + memory cells |
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Term
| secondary humoral response steps (3) |
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Definition
1. recognition by MEMORY CELLS
2. Proliferation of MEMORY CELLS
3. Differentiation into MEMORY CELLS and PLASMA CELLS (which release antibodies) |
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Term
| Primary humoral response activated when? secondary humoral response activated when? ` |
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Definition
primary if NEW pathogen/not previously exposed
secondary if previously "seen" antigen |
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Term
memory cells have BCRs
plasma cells DO NOT have BCRs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| primary antibody in primary humoral response, secreted by plasma cells |
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Term
| Humoral response mechanism: BCRs role? |
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Definition
| mature B-lymphocytes have BCRs or "B-cell receptors" -- NON-SECRETED, surface-bound antibodies which are selective for specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| variable region involved in.... |
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Definition
| binding to antigen -- BIVALENT: each can bind to 2 antigen epitopes |
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Term
| constant region serves as? |
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Definition
| way to CLASSIFY ANTIBODY, can attach to host cell or complement as well |
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Term
| which antibody has PLACENTAL TRANSFER |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn |
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Term
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Definition
| first produces in response to initial infection; especially effective against microorganisms and agglutinating antigens |
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Term
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Definition
blood serum, tears, saliva, mucosa, intestines, breast milk
provides localized protection on mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| bound to basophil and mast cells |
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Term
| steps of outcome of Antigen-Antibody binding? |
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Definition
1. neutralization
2. immobilization / prevent adherence (bind to flagella, for example)
3. Agglutination/precipitation
4. opsonization
5. complement protein action |
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Term
| agglutination is for ______ antigens |
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Definition
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|
Term
| precipitation for ________ antigens |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. inactivated
2. attenuated
3. toxoid
4. subunit |
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Term
| inactivated vaccine? produces what response? |
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Definition
| dead pathogen; produces HUMORAL RESPONSE ONLY |
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Term
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Definition
live pathogen but genetically modified (but can sometimes mutate "back" to original, virulent form)
most robust response, triggers both humoral and cell-mediated response |
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Term
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Definition
| injection of altered version of TOXIN produced by the vaccine; ex: TETANUS |
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Term
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Definition
only selected epitopes of the pathogen
only stimulates response to those epitopes |
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Term
| cell-mediated immune response involves? |
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Definition
| t-lymphocytes and cytokines |
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Term
| cytokines that communicate between leukocytes (WBCs) are called? |
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Definition
interleukins
IL-1, IL-2, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| major histocompatability complex |
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Term
| T-cell receptors TCRs combine with co-receptors: 2 kinds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| TCR + CD4 cells (T-helper cells) |
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Term
| Antigen recognition by T-lymphocytes |
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Definition
| antigen has to be presented to T-cell as MHC-1 and Antigen |
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Term
| for MHC-1, for example, antigen expressed for recognition by T-lymphocyte would be? |
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Definition
| viral protein expressed on surface |
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Term
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Definition
| most nucleated cells of body (alone, help recognize as "self" cells) |
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Term
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Definition
on surface of ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
such as:
dendritic cells, B-cells, macrophages |
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Term
| cytotoxic t lymphocites recognition of antigen... |
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Definition
CytotoxicT Lymphocytes TC(CTL)
a)After recognition of an antigen, two celltypes produced: effector(CTL) & memory cells
b)Function of CTL: destruction of target cellsvirus-infected cells, cancer cells, incompatible tissue grafts
c)When target cell is spotted, granules
with perforinare released by CTL
d)This protein is inserted into the
membrane of the offending cell,
to form a pore leading to death
of the target. |
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Term
| Antigen + MHC-1 will be presented to? |
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Definition
| TCR + CD8 containing t-lymphocyte |
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Term
| Antigen + MHC-2 will be presented to? |
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Definition
| TCR + CD8 containing t-lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1. APC (macrophage, b-cell, or dentridic cell) phagocytoses bacteria/virus
2. APC displays bacterial fragments/viral proteins on its MHC-2
3. T cell uses TCR + CD4 to recognize infected APC.
4. proliferates, differentiates into MEMORY CELLS & T-helper cells
5. T-helper cells secrete cytokines to APCs |
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Term
| cytokine effect on T lymphocytes? macrophages? b-lymphocytes?> |
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Definition
t-lymphocytes & macrophages: increase PHAGOCYTIC ability
b-lymphocyte: recieve cytokines and participate in T-DEPENDENT HUMORAL RESPONSE*
*overlap of humoral and cell mediated response |
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Term
| B cell - how does it take up antigen? |
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Definition
| not by phagocytosis, it uses RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS to uptake antigen so can then display |
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Term
| overlap of INNATE IMMUNITY & CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY? |
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Definition
| interaction between macrophages of INNATE IMMUNITY and T-HELPER CELLS of CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
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Term
NK Cells
how recognize antigen? |
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Definition
| recognize LACK OF MHC-1 on cell, after viral infection suppresses MHC-1 expression --- does not require antigen |
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Term
| NK cells: specific or nonspecific? |
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Definition
| nonspecific, b/c do not use ANTIGEN RECOGNITION to recognize infected cells |
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Term
IgM:
IgG:
IgE:
IgA:
IgG: main trait? |
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Definition
IgM: 1st responder of PRIMARY HUMORAL
IgG: 1st responder of SECONDARY HUMORAL
IgE: Allergic rxns
IgA: naturally acquired passive immunity (colostrum) |
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Term
| protein antigens are best, and t-dependent...so |
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Definition
| provoke strongest response |
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Term
| intracellular virus can be dealt with by? |
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Definition
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Term
| extracellular viruses can be dealt with by? |
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Definition
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Term
| effective against viral infections? |
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Definition
interferon
antibodies
NK cells
macrophages
cytotoxic t cells |
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Term
| placental transfer for which antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| longest half life in serum? |
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Definition
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Term
| which antibodies have COMPLEMENT FIXATION |
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Definition
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Term
| IgG predominant antibody of ? |
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Definition
| secondary humoral response |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| IgA especially effective at protecting ? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| bound to MAST CELLS, it is NON CIRCULATING |
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Term
| Agglutination for __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| cell mediated immunity -- transferrable through placenta? |
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Definition
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Term
| two major players in CELL MEDIATED immunity |
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Definition
| t lymphcytes and cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
| cytokines that communicate between leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| extent / degree of pathogenicity |
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Term
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Definition
| causes disease by presence or activity within normal, healthy host |
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Term
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Definition
| cause infection in host with depressed resistance |
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Term
| routes for pathogens to enter host |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| infectious dose for 50 percent of the population being studied |
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Term
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Definition
| lethal dose of a toxin for 50 percent of population |
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Term
| adherence by pathogens via? |
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Definition
adhesins/ligands bind to RECEPTORS on host cells
or biofilms |
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Term
| three types of adherins/ligands that bind pathogens to receptors on host cells? |
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Definition
glycocalyx
fimbriae
M proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| clot fibrinogen (form clot-capsule around pathogen, evade host immunnity) |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks up hyluronic acid, which is what holds cells together, so can get into TIGHT JUNCTIONS between cells without having to penetrate membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| help pathogens resist phagocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Mycolic acid does what for pathogens? q |
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Definition
| resists DIGESION (think TB) |
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Term
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Definition
| digest fibrin clots, help escape from blood-clot "cuccoon) |
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Term
|
Definition
| alterations of pathogen surface proteins AFTER INFECTION due to multiplication, help evade immunity b/c can transform into different surface proteins than what have antibodies for |
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Term
| Exotoxins found mostly in ________ bacteria |
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Definition
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|
Term
Exotoxins mostly consist of PROTEINS/LIPID A
Endotoxins mostly consist of PROTEINS/LIPID A |
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Definition
exo = proteins
endo = lipid A |
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Term
| endotoxins = lipid A because are found as part of ? |
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Definition
| cell outer MEMBRANE in GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by PATHOGENS to provoke a LARGE, NON-SPECIFIC RESPONSE that overwhelms host with large amount of cytokine over-release, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the CAUSE and DISTRIBUTION of disease in populations |
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Term
Mutualism =
Commensalism =
Parasitism = |
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Definition
mutual = + +
commensal = + ( )
parasitism = + - |
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Term
| normal microbiota protect host by ? (3) |
|
Definition
occupy niches that pathogens might occupy
produce acids
produce bacteriocins |
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Term
| normal flora composition can fluctuate due to? |
|
Definition
hormonal changes
food consumption
antibiotics |
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Term
|
Definition
| disease makes person UNHEALTHY |
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Term
|
Definition
symptoms not measurable (nausea, pain)
signs are MEASURABLE (fever, etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| association of signs, symptoms, and other characteristics that signal potential issue |
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Term
| acute disease vs subacute disease |
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Definition
acute = rapid onset of symptoms
subacute = symptoms develop at rate between acute and chronic |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| includes latent period when causative agent inactive |
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Term
|
Definition
| toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes -- especially BACTIERA or BACTERIAL TOXINS -- from a focal infection |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| GROWTH of bacteria in the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| toxins in blood, viruses in blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| no noticable signs or symptoms -- INAPPARENT infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| incubation, PRODROMAL, illness, decline., convalescence |
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Term
|
Definition
| physical contact or DROPLET TRANSMISSION |
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Term
|
Definition
| inanimate objects or FOMITES |
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Term
|
Definition
| inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms |
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Term
| 2 methods of TRANSMISSION BY VECTORS |
|
Definition
mechanical transmission (on foot/body of vector)
biological transmission -- pathogen reproduces inside vector (mosquito, etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
| hospital acquired infections |
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|
Term
| prevention of microbial entry into respiratory system (5 ways) |
|
Definition
1. hair in nasal passages
2. IgA
3. Normal microbiota
4. Ciliary escalator
5. alveolar macrophages |
|
|
Term
| upper respiratory system (4 components) |
|
Definition
Nose
Pharynx (throat)
middle ear
eustachian tubes |
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|
Term
| lower respiratory system components (5) |
|
Definition
larynx
trachea
bronchial tubes
alveoli
pleura |
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|
Term
| normal microbiota how help respiratory system> |
|
Definition
| suppress pathogens by COMPETITIVE INHIBITION in UPPER respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcal pharyngitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic to tissue cells, leukocytes, RBCs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by Streptococcus pyogenes -- |
|
|
Term
| scarlet fever symtoms/signs |
|
Definition
| pharyngitis, rash due to ERYTHROGENIC TOXIN produced by lysogenized S. pyogenes |
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Term
|
Definition
| corynebacterium diphtheriae -- Gm + |
|
|
Term
| corynebacterium diphtheriae unique b/c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diphtheria toxin is ____toxin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diphtheria toxin producec by ________ |
|
Definition
| lysogenized c. diphtheriae |
|
|
Term
| diphtheria produces what unique element? |
|
Definition
| gray-ish membrane in throat |
|
|
Term
| diphtheria prevented by _______ vaccine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimal circulation of toxin, infected skin wound slow to heal |
|
|
Term
| otitis media most often caused by? |
|
Definition
| S. pneumoniae or H. Influenzae (doesn't cause flu, it's a bactiera, not a virus) |
|
|
Term
| common cold caused by what two types of viruses? |
|
Definition
| rhinovirus or coronavirus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bordatella pertussis -- gram negative aerobic coccobacillus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
tracheal cytotoxin damages ciliated cells of trachea
pertussis toxin circulates in bloodstream |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis fragments |
|
|
Term
| Stages of pertussis (3 stages) |
|
Definition
stage 1: catarrhal stage
2. paroxymal stage
3. convalescence stage |
|
|
Term
| TB type that infects humans |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium avium-intracelluare -- infects those with late stage HIV infection |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TB caused by what microbe? |
|
Definition
| mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| mycobacterium tuberculosis is what type of microbe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 1 |
|
Definition
| macrophage ingests tuberculosis pathogen |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 2 |
|
Definition
| tubercule bacilli multiplying IN macrophages brings additional macrophages to site, forming layer -- release lung-damaging cytokines |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 3 |
|
Definition
| macrophages inside tubercle die, releasing tubercule bacilli -- change for disease to go latent at this stage |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 4 |
|
Definition
caseous center enlarges within tubercle
bacilli multiply OUTSIDE macrophages |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of tuberculosis step 5 |
|
Definition
| tubercle ruptures, spreading bacilli to bronchiole |
|
|
Term
| pneumonia types: gram positive diplococci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pneumococcal pneumonia caused by what bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hallmark sign of pneumococcal pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H. influenzae pneumonia more likely in individuals with? |
|
Definition
| poor nutrition or alcoholism, cancer, diabetes |
|
|
Term
| walking pneumonia caused by? |
|
Definition
| mycoplasma pneumoniae -- common in children and young adults; ATYPICAL pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| mycoplasmal pneumonia causes growth with what characteristic appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which pneumonia found in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which pneumonia transmitted by bird droppings> |
|
Definition
psittacosis
*chlamydophila psittaci |
|
|
Term
| chlamydial pneumonia is transmittable how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| q fever unique characteristic? |
|
Definition
| vector-bourne via TICKS, reservoir = large mammals |
|
|
Term
| viral pneumonia caused as complication of.... |
|
Definition
| influenza, measles, chickenpox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiratory syncytial virus |
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Term
| RSV causes what in cell culture? |
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Definition
| fusion of cells (syncytium) |
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Term
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Definition
HA = hemagglutinin - spikes used for attachment to host cell
NA = neuraminidase = spikes used to RELEASE virus from cell |
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Term
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Definition
changes to HA and NA spikes in flue
due to recombination between different strains infecting same cell |
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Term
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Definition
point mutations in genes encoding NA or HA spikes
allow virus to avoid mucosal IgA antibodies |
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Term
| digestive system defenses: 3 |
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Definition
stomach acid
paneth cells
normal microbiota of mouth and gut |
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Term
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Definition
| When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens, Paneth cells secrete some of these compounds into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier. |
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Term
| bacteria causing tooth decay? |
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Definition
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Term
| tooth decay only NEEDS _____ not ______ |
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Definition
| sucrose, not necessarily GLUCOSE |
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Term
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Definition
| decay of gingiva (gums) leads to periodontal pockets |
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Term
| periodontal disease caused by what microorganism? |
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Definition
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Term
| prevotella intermedia causes? |
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Definition
| acute necrotizing gingivitis |
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Term
| infection vs intoxication --- which has longer incubation period? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dysentary involves stools with presence of MUCUS and/or BLOOD |
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Term
| staphylococcal food poisoning pathogen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| staphylococcal food poisoning superantigen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| "S"taphylococcal food poisoning involves "S"uperantigen |
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Definition
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Term
| bacterial dysentary caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| shigellosis unique charact. |
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Definition
| Shiga exotoxin and endotoxin (lipid A) |
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Term
| Shigella entry into host cell? |
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Definition
| Ruffling, entry at M cell of epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| salmonella food poisoning caused by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| shigella vs salmonella difference? |
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Definition
| shigella doesn't get into bloodstream, more easily phagocytosed |
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Term
| staphylococcal food poisoning NOT prevented by cooking - why? |
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Definition
| contamination of cooked food by food handlers after cookin' |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| typhoid fever causedc by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vibrio cholerae -- produces CHOLERA TOXIN |
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Term
| Cholera toxin effect on body? |
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Definition
| causes cells to secrete Cl-, HCO3-, and water --- lose electrolytes and water rapidly |
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Term
| where do most NON-CHOLERA VIBRIOS come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| pathogenic E coli characteristics? 3 |
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Definition
attach to intestinal wall via FIMBRAE
produce TOXINS
can AGGREGATE |
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Term
| Traveler's diarrhea caused by? |
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Definition
| entertoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteroaggregative E coli |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shiga-toxin-producing E coli |
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Term
| Campylobacter gastroenteritis caused by> |
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Definition
|
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Term
| campylobacter jejuni reservoir? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 viral diseases of digestive system |
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Definition
| mumps, rotavirus, norovirus |
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Term
| chacteristic sign of MUMPS? |
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Definition
| swollen face (infected parotid glands) |
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Term
| Rotavirus and Norovirus cause? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Hepatitis can be caused by what three viruses? |
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Definition
Ebstein Barr
CMV (cytomegalovirus)
heptatitis viruses (multiple) |
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Term
| which hepatitis DOESN'T HAVE A VACCINE? |
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Definition
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Term
| HEP A & E do not cause CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| HEP B unique characteristic |
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Definition
| forms "defective" non DNA-containing particles |
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Term
| ERGOT poisoning associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aflatoxin poisoning via what route? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| amoebic disentery caused by> |
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Definition
|
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Term
| amoebic dysentery unique characteristic? |
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Definition
| necrosis of tissue, causes abcesses |
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Term
| hydatid disease -- unique characteristic/ |
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Definition
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