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Definition
| provide calories and energy, are required in large amounts |
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| required in small quantities; vitamins and minerals |
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| water soluble micronutrients |
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Definition
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| fat soluble micronutrients |
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Definition
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Definition
| inorganic (no carbon): ca, mg, k, zn, fe, s, I, Phos...etc. |
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| primarily energy production, provides zip code used to ship proteins in/out of cells |
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| essential for fat breakdown; oxalacetic acid oxidizes fat |
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Definition
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Definition
| type of CHO; promotes beneficial gut bacterial and intestinal peristaltic movements |
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| uses 30-50% of daily blood glucose |
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| 20-35% of glucose just to fuel RESTING metabolic rate |
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Definition
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Definition
| fatigue, depression and poor academic performance |
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| body stores 1.5-3lbs of CHO in the form of |
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| low molecular weight drugs which mimic CHO recognition molecules |
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| examples of glycomimetics |
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Definition
| tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza antivirals, glucobay (Acarbose), Glyset (Miglitol) and Glustat (Voglibose) |
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Term
| Alpha-glucosidase (brush border enzyme) and/or alpha-amylase (pancreatic CHO enzyme) inhibitors; Prevents starches from being broken down to sugar (potential problems?) |
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Definition
| Glucobay (Acarbose) and Glyset (Miglitol) and Glustat (Voglibose) treat diabetes |
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Term
| Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza |
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Definition
| Neuraminidase (glycoprotein) inhibitors prevent viral detachment |
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| higher risk of cognitive impairment |
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Definition
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| increases risk of dementia and brain shrinkage |
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| consuming 15% more protiens |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| cannot be made by the body |
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Definition
| can be made from other AA's |
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Term
| complete protein foods contain all the essential AA's |
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Definition
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| incomplete protein foods contain only some essential AA's |
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Definition
| grains and legumes (beans/peas/lentils etc.) |
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Definition
| muscle, tissue, bone, neurotransmitters, enzymes, cell recognition, immune system and also 'zip code' |
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Definition
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Definition
| food cravings, tiredness, muscle/joint pain, slow healing, EDEMA, feeling cold |
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Definition
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Definition
| energy storage, myelin in nerves, cell membranes, hormones, neuortransmitters (and receptors), phospholipids |
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Definition
| lipids in human plasma alone |
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Definition
| over 30% of cellular protein interactions |
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Term
| lipid involvement in cellular signaling pathways are responsible for |
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Definition
| cancer, diabetes and other metobolic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone formation, NT and neuron productions as well as absorption of Vit. ADEK |
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Term
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Definition
| brain and neural communications |
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| body can be trained to burn |
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Definition
| fat or carbs as fuel (fat more efficiently) |
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Definition
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| 1900 century workers and farmers |
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Definition
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Definition
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| meeting energy needs does not equal |
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Definition
| meeting nutritional needs |
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Term
| Enzymes and molecules used in metabolic pathways have |
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Definition
| vitamin and mineral cofactors, activators and associations |
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Term
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Definition
| NAD/NADH2 (niacin), NADP/NADPH (niacin) and FAD/FADH (riboflavin) |
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Term
| high energy electrons are removed from food carbon molecules that are |
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Definition
| picked up by redox molecules; niacin, riboflavin |
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Term
| Redox molecules flow to the |
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Definition
| electron transport chain in the mitochondria |
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Term
| food energy in the form of electrin and protons are used to |
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Definition
| make an electrochemical gradient |
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Term
| ETC provides energy to pump protons |
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Definition
| that create a gradient which facilitates ATPase that make ATP and ADP + phos |
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Term
| ETC electron carriers include |
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Definition
| coenzyme Q-10, iron, sulfur and Copper |
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Term
| environmental control of genes |
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Definition
| methylation (gene expression), Histone acetylation, histo biotinylation, among other modifications |
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Term
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Definition
| changes your genetic makeup (cofactors from diet help facilitate gene modification) |
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| ideal diet for human health |
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Definition
| 1/3 carbs, 1/3 protein, and 1/3 fat |
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Term
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Definition
| B-complex, magnesium, vit. C |
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Term
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Definition
| vit A, E and C, selenium, MANGanese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)in mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
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| muscle and nerve transmissions |
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Definition
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| oxygen transport and regulation |
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Definition
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Definition
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| B-complex vitamins is found in |
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Definition
| mean, eggs, milk, fish, whole grains, legumes, leafy greens |
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Definition
| only found in animal products |
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Term
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Definition
| folic acid, niacin, B12 (cobalamins), B6 (pyridoxine), pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, biotin, choline |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| involved in energy production, epigenetics, metabolism, and homocyseine metabolism |
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Definition
| hemoglobin, one-carbon metabolism, regulation of homocysteine |
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Term
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Definition
| neural tube defects, anemia, CA risk |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced LDL cholesterol, treats, atherosclerosis, hormone production |
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Term
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Definition
| pellagra, depression, fatigue |
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Term
| B12 (cobalamin) is important for |
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Definition
| nervous system, cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| anemia, dementia, severe neurological problems |
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Term
| yellow pigment in urine if taking too much |
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Definition
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Term
| B6 (pyridoxine) is important for |
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Definition
| metabolism of AA's and fats, red blood cell production |
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Term
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Definition
| anemia, skin lesions, oily/ flaky skin, cracked dry lips, glossitis (inflammed tongue), depression, confusion |
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Term
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Definition
| coenzyme A used in energy production pathways, alters 3D protein function and gene expression |
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Term
| rarely seen as deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| riboflavin (B2) is important for |
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Definition
| metabolizing fats and carbs (FAD, FMN), boosts antibodies, cellular growth and repair |
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Term
| deficiency of riboflavin (B2) |
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Definition
| ariboflavinosis, soreness and cracks near mouth, glossitis, anemia (due to its role in converting B6 to active form) |
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Term
| thiamin (B1) is important for |
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Definition
| energy metabolism, HCL production in stomach, heart function, nerves, muscles, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) required coenzyme in food energy pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| common among alcoholics, loss of appetite, heart enlargement, mental confusion, Beriberi (muscle weakness, pain, neurologic parasthesia, death) |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches at the active site of carbocylase enzymes essential for gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| hair loss, scaly facial rash, hallucination, depression |
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Definition
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Definition
| antioxidant, helps in carnitine synthesis (essential for beta-oxidation or fat burning), collagen production |
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Term
| mild deficiency of Vit. C |
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Definition
| fatigue, irritability, hemorrhagin, joint pain, illness and loose teeth |
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Term
| major deficiency of Vit. C |
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Definition
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Term
| 13-23% of US population is deficient in what vitamin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| yellow, orange, red fruits and veggies, fortified milk and eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| vision (rhodopsin), growth, immune system, red blood cell production, iron incorporation into hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| weak muscles, immunodeficiency, abnormal cell proliferation, blindness and death |
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Term
| 250 million children are vitamin A deficient |
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Definition
| of that 1/3-1/2 million become blind each year |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as hormone (like vit. D), regulates gene transcription, and cellular differentiation (specialization of cells for highly specific physiological roles) |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty fish (salmon), fortified dairy and the sun! |
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Term
| UVB rays trigger synthesis of Vit. D from cholesterol in skin |
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Definition
| then it is sent to the liver/kindneys where it is activated to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain calcium balance in body, cell differentiation, immune system, blood pressure regulation |
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Term
| in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the vitamin D receptor/RXR complex binds small sequence of DNA |
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Definition
| which modulate the transcription of over 50 genes |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep disorders, depression, rickets in children and soft bones in adults |
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Term
| 70% of children in the US are deficient in what vitamin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dairy, fish canned with bones, spinach and white beans |
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Term
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Definition
| bone health, blood vessel constriction and relaxation, cellular signaling and skeletal muscle/ nerve action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| accelerated bone loss, tooth loss, muscle twithces, on edge feeling |
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Term
| deficiency of calcium can be caused by |
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Definition
| abnormal parathyroid function, vit D deficiency or low blood magnesium concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leafy greens, nuts, grains, and milk |
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Term
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Definition
| energy production, cell signaling, synthesis of: DNA, carbs, lipids, glutethione, bone and cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| 'fingers on blackboard' nervous feeling, muscle spasms, anxiety, depression, insomnia |
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Term
| 68% of population is deficient in what micronutrient |
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Definition
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Term
| correcting Mg deficiencies may increase lifespan by |
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Definition
| stabilizing DNA and repairing cellular damage |
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Term
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Definition
| iodized salt, cod, fish, milk, seaweed, potato |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3, T4); T3 binds to thyroid receptors in cell nucleus to regulate gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| fatigue, weight gain, goiters, cretinism, death |
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| 31.5% of children worldwide have what type of deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| red meat, oysters, crabs, yogurt, beans |
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| men need 2X more of what micronutrient than women |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes over 100 enzymatic reactions, structural role in proteins, regulation role as gene transcription factor, role in cell signaling, regulates hormone release, nerve transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of sexual maturity and dwarfism in males, low testosterone, loss of taste |
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| 40% of elderly are at risk of what micronutrient deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| red meat, poultry, oysters, raisins, potatoes, legumes |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| fatigue, anemia, inability to detox drugs, poor athletic performance, impaired thinking, cold all the time |
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Term
| 9-22% of teenagers and women are deficient in this micronutrient |
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Definition
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Term
| iron is used in what enzyme |
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Definition
| cytochrome p450 family that metabolizes and detoxifies drugs/ toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| family of enzymes that catalyzes reactions by using a heme iron to oxidize |
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| epigenetic changes can take |
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Definition
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| only takes 4-6 weeks to change |
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Definition
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Definition
| almost all the cells in your body |
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