Term
| What are 5 functions of skin/integument? |
|
Definition
| protection, sensation, temperature regulation, secretion and excretion, metabolic fxns |
|
|
Term
| What is the most superficial layer of skin called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium makes up epidermis? |
|
Definition
| keratinized stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
| Which is the keratin layer of epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the dead, flattened and eosinophilic cells in stratum corneum called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: cornified cells in stratum corneum are always nucleated |
|
Definition
| False: may be ortho or parakeratosis |
|
|
Term
| T/F: stratum corneum is continually shed and replaced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is stratum corneum the thickest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and describe cell layer found mainly in foot pads |
|
Definition
| stratum lucidum- layered dead and translucent cells that mostly lack nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What substance allows to you recognize stratum granulosum? |
|
Definition
| intracellular, purple granules -->keratohyline |
|
|
Term
| Is the stratum granulosum thicker in haired or non-haired skin? |
|
Definition
| non-haired and within hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| What layer of epidermis is the location where keratinization begins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of epidermis gives a prickly appearance? What structure is responsible for this appearance? |
|
Definition
| stratum spinosum; desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| Where is the stratum spinosum thickest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the deepest layer of epithelium and what type of cells make it up? |
|
Definition
| stratum basale- cuboidal cells |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Which layer of epithelium continually divides in order to replace upper layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which epidermal cell is responsible for producing melanin and passing it on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which three cell types are found in stratum basale? |
|
Definition
| cuboidal, melanocytes,langerhans and merkel |
|
|
Term
| What epithelial cells are similar to macrophages and are in stratum spinosum and basale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three structures that the epidermis lacks? What supplies their function for the epidermis? |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves; epidermis is dependent on dermis for their functions |
|
|
Term
| What species have epidermal scales? What epidermal layer make up the scales? |
|
Definition
| reptile and non-feathered regions of birds; stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| Where are epidermal/dermal junctions not smooth and how are they different form normal? |
|
Definition
| In high friction areas-->epidermal rete pegs interdigitate with dermal papilla |
|
|
Term
| What are three functions of the dermis? |
|
Definition
| Tensile strength/elasticity, physical support of epidermis, and nourishment for epidermis |
|
|
Term
| How do oxygen, inflammatory cells etc reach the epidermis from the dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fibers does the dermis contain? |
|
Definition
| collagen, reticular and elastic |
|
|
Term
| T/F: hair follicles are located in the dermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species have dermal scales/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the hair shaft? |
|
Definition
| cuticle, cortex and medulla |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the erector pili muscles contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sheath of the hair follicle do the erector pili mm. attach to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the most outer layer of the hair follicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the follicle that actually make up the hair? |
|
Definition
| outer root sheath, inner root sheath and matrix & dermal papilla |
|
|
Term
| Which is the most outer segment of the hair follicle? What type of keratin does it make? |
|
Definition
| Infundibulum-->flaky keratin |
|
|
Term
| Which segment of the hair follicle has glassy cells and makes homogenous keratin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what segments of the follicle is hair actually made? |
|
Definition
| suprabulbar/bulbar-->small dark cells |
|
|
Term
| What segment of the hair follicle would matrical cysts be found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cysts in both the infundibular and isthmus segments would be classified as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are primary or secondary follicles larger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which classification of hair follicle is rooted more superficially? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of hair follicle has sebaceous and apocrine glands as well as erector pili mm.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What glands/muscles do secondary hair follicle contain? |
|
Definition
| sebaceous only.. and not always |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between simple and compound hair follicles |
|
Definition
simple->single hair emerges from each orifice/ostium
compound->multiple hairs ' ' ' ' |
|
|
Term
| Which phase of the hair cycle is for growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the catagen phase of hair growth? |
|
Definition
| transitional/involuting phase-->suprabulbar/bulbar portion regresses |
|
|
Term
| Which is the resting phase of hair growth and what occurs? |
|
Definition
| telogen phase-->suprabulbar/bulbar portion is lost |
|
|
Term
| How are sinus hairs different from others? (e.g. whiskers) |
|
Definition
| connective tissue trabeculae filled with blood thicken the adventitial sheath-->the blood amplifies sensation |
|
|
Term
| What structures will eventually become barbs in fully formed feathers? |
|
Definition
| barb ridges--> found in deepest portion of hair shaft |
|
|
Term
| Which mammals have both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the sweat glands are associated with hair follicles? What type of hair follicles are they found on? |
|
Definition
| apocrine -->primary follicles only |
|
|
Term
| What shape do both apocrine and eccrine glands have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the general structure of both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands |
|
Definition
| single layer of cuboidal cells line secretory portion; these are surrounded by layer of myoepithelial cells which contract to help excrete the secretions |
|
|
Term
| What role do eccrine glands play? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance do apocrine secretions mix with to cause "scent" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For what two species do apocrine glands provide thermoregulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of secretion do sebaceous glands have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Sebaceous glands can be found on footpads |
|
Definition
| False: not on footpads or nasal planum |
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are found with eyelashes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specialized sebaceous glands resemble hepatocytes and have territorial markings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are anal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two possible routes of anal gland secretions? |
|
Definition
| open onto anal skin or dump into anal sacs |
|
|
Term
| What cells are the anal glands lined in? |
|
Definition
| keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What type and shape of glands are mammary glands? |
|
Definition
| modified apocrine;compound tubuloacinar |
|
|
Term
| What is the pink fluid in acinar lumen of mammary glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species have mammary tissue but no teats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are acini lined with in mammary glands? Acinar lumen? |
|
Definition
| cuboidal to columnar epithelium;myoepithelium |
|
|
Term
| Which is the thickest and deepest layer of skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are many injections placed in the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List locations that lack subcutaneous tissue |
|
Definition
| lip,cheek,eyelid,ear canal, anus |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of subcutaneous tissue? |
|
Definition
| energy storage, thermoregulation, insulation,protection,surface contouring |
|
|
Term
| What is SubQ tissue made up of? |
|
Definition
| mostly fat; blood vessels, nerves, may or may not have panniculus m.(shivering) |
|
|
Term
| To what is SubQ tissue attached? |
|
Definition
| underlying muscle or bone |
|
|
Term
| What does SubQ tissue NOT include? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals can the planum nasale be found? |
|
Definition
| carnivores and small ruminants |
|
|
Term
| The ______ has a planum nasolabiale which contains eccrine glands to moisten surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the stratum corneum differ in the foot pads of dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
cats-->smooth, usually no pigment
dogs-->papillated, usually pigment |
|
|
Term
| T/F: prominent dermal papillae interdigitate with epidermal pegs in foot pads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the digital cusion in the footpad? |
|
Definition
| Hypodermis with lots of white adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| What does the toe nail arise from? What is it supported by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell type are toe nails made up of? |
|
Definition
| well developed keratin layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insensitive keratinized layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the equine hoof wall |
|
Definition
| the epidermis that makes the hoof |
|
|
Term
| Name the epidermis at the junction of the skin and hoof |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distinguish between epidermal and dermal laminae |
|
Definition
-epidermal are insensitive; no nerves
-dermal are sensitive;nerves present |
|
|
Term
| What do the secondary laminae branch off of? |
|
Definition
| primary laminae (at acute angles) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: secondary epidermal laminae interdigitate with primary dermal laminae |
|
Definition
| False:secondary with secondary;primary with primary |
|
|
Term
| What keratinizes to produce the hoof? |
|
Definition
| the core of the primary epidermal lamina |
|
|
Term
| What do cow and pig claws lack and have more of as compared to equine? |
|
Definition
| NO secondary laminae and more primary laminae |
|
|
Term
| Define the palpebral fissure |
|
Definition
| opening in the skin where the eye is |
|
|
Term
| What is defined as the location where eyelids meet? |
|
Definition
| canthus (medial and lateral) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: eyelids are NOT lined by hair |
|
Definition
| False-line by hair on outside |
|
|
Term
| What muscle in the eyelid is deep to the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tarsal plate? |
|
Definition
| dense connective tissue layer deep to muscle of eyelid |
|
|
Term
| What types of glands are imbedded in the tarsal plate of the eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common types of eye tumors in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the inside of the eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe conjuctival epithelium |
|
Definition
| stratified columnar/squamous epith. with goblet cells; may be pigmented |
|
|
Term
| What does conjunctival epithelium transition to at the eyelid margin? At the limbus? |
|
Definition
| haired skin;corneal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Which conjunctiva lines or faces the eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which conjunctiva lines or face the globe of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does palpebral conjunctiva become bulbar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name one species that does not have eyelids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the third eyelid located? |
|
Definition
| between the eye lower medial eyelid and the globe |
|
|
Term
| What is the carilagenous core of the third eyelid made of? |
|
Definition
| typically hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What is the third eyelid lined with on both sides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the third eyelid appears clear in cats and dogs |
|
Definition
| False: it is opaque in cats and dogs |
|
|
Term
| What gland is the third eyelid associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two sources of tears? |
|
Definition
| meibomian glands or lacrimal glands |
|
|
Term
| What bones make up the structure of the orbit? |
|
Definition
| frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, zygomatic and presphenoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the three muscle groups that make up orbit? |
|
Definition
| 2 obliques(D/V) ;4 rectus(D/M/V/L) ;1 retractor bulbi |
|
|
Term
| What are the four structures found in the orbit (general) |
|
Definition
| bones, lacrimal glands, muscles and adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main layers of the eye globe? |
|
Definition
| outer fibrous tunic/vascular tunic/inner nervous tissue |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the outer fibrous tunic of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the vascular tunic of the eye? |
|
Definition
| anterior uvea (iris and ciliary body) and posterior uvea (choroid) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: the cornea and sclera are continuous with each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction of the cornea and sclera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transparent, anterior part of globe |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main layers of the cornea |
|
Definition
| epithelium, stroma and endothelium |
|
|
Term
| What is the most anterior part of the cornea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium makes up the corneal epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the stroma of the cornea |
|
Definition
| scattered keratocytes separated by collagen (white footballs) with specialized fibroblasts; well organized collagen layers |
|
|
Term
| The presence of ___________ would be abnormal in the stroma of the cornea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____________ contains the highest concentration of nerves in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: You can see the nerves in the stroma of the cornea with routine staining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium makes up the endothelium of the cornea? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is the basement membrane that the endothelium of the cornea sits on called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ is the connective tissue that surrounds the posterior portion of the globe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species may have cartilage or bone to provide more structure for sclera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: The sclera contains nerves and vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is the empyy space bordered by the iris. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Location where cornea and sclera meet |
|
|
Term
| What major structures does the vascular tunic contain? |
|
Definition
| anterior uvea and ciliary body |
|
|
Term
| What are the eight components of the iris? |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, collagen, lymphatics, blood vessels, nerves and epithelium, melanocytes and muscles |
|
|
Term
| The ciliary processes are lined by _(#)__ layers of epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pigmented layer of the ciliary process is the _____ layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ciliary processes make up the _______ _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ciliary muscle is ________ muscle in mammals and __________ muscle in non-mammalians. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ _________ arise from the ciliary body and hold the lens in place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain how the zonule fibers effect lens shape |
|
Definition
| ciliary body muscle contracts first and pulls on fibers which changes lens shape and directs light to certain parts of the retina |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the ciliary body? |
|
Definition
| begins at the base of iris and ends at beginning of the retina |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The lens is avascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lens is surrounded by a __________ ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: The anterior lens thins out with age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located under the anterior lens capsule and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Lens epithelial cells--> proliferate and move peripherally to equator of the lens then elongate and migrate centrally (lose nuclei as they move to middle) |
|
|
Term
| What is one characteristic of the lens that helps to maintain its transparency? |
|
Definition
| well organized fibers that are packed together |
|
|
Term
| The _____ ______ ________ is very thin and has no lens epithelial cells; does not regenerate itself. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the anterior chamber of the eye located? |
|
Definition
| behind the cornea and in front of the iris leaflets |
|
|
Term
| Where is the posterior of the eye located? |
|
Definition
| behind the iris leaflets and in front of the front half of the lens |
|
|
Term
| What do both the anterior and posterior chambers contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vitreous chamber filled with? Describe its contents. |
|
Definition
| vitreous humor--> gelatinous, transparent |
|
|
Term
| What does the vitreous chamber do? |
|
Definition
| Helps hold the lens and retina in place |
|
|
Term
| The retina is the ________ tunic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receives and transduces light and converts info to nerve impulses which are sent to brain via optic nerve. |
|
|
Term
| How many layers are in the photosensitive retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three nuclear layers of the photosensitive retina? |
|
Definition
| Ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer and outer nuclear layer |
|
|
Term
| what type of epithelium is found in the retinal pigmented epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the retinal pigmented epithelium do? |
|
Definition
| Eats the photoreceptor outer segments to help with normal turnover |
|
|
Term
| What exits the globe through the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
| axons from ganglion cell layer which form the nerve fiber layer;arteries that supply the retina |
|
|
Term
| The optic nerve is surrounded by ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the Ora Ciliaris Retinae |
|
Definition
| where the retina tapers out and ends and the ciliary body begins |
|
|
Term
| Name the boundaries of the external ear canal |
|
Definition
| extends from pinna to tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyaline or elastic cartilage core covered in haired skin |
|
|
Term
| What is the external auditory meatus? |
|
Definition
| tubular extension of ear canal from pinna to the middle ear-->elastic cartilage wall |
|
|
Term
| The external auditory meatus is lines with ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of glands in the external auditory meatus and what do they make? |
|
Definition
sebaceous glands-->make sebum
modified apocrine glands(ceruminous glands)->make cerumen |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of ear wax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of ear wax? |
|
Definition
-protect the ear canal
-keeps tympanic membrane moist and flexible
-directs sound waves to tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| The _________ ___________ separates external ear canal from middle ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the tympanic membrane has a thick fibrous membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
| outer cuticular, middle fibrous and inner mucus |
|
|
Term
| What is the middle ear also known as? |
|
Definition
| tympanic cavity or tympanic bulla |
|
|
Term
| Where is the middle ear located? |
|
Definition
| within the petrous temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| Name the three bones that the middle ear contains |
|
Definition
| malleus, incus and stapes |
|
|
Term
| What is the middle ear lined with mainly? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Where is the middle ear lined by columnar epithelium with cilia? |
|
Definition
| near the eustachian tubes |
|
|
Term
| Describe location of eustachian tubes |
|
Definition
| branch off tympanic bulla and extend to nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the middle ear's function? |
|
Definition
| Move tympanic membrane which causes bones of inner ear to move which amplifies the sound waves and transmits noise/movement to inner ear |
|
|
Term
| Where does the inner ear begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bone is the inner ear found within? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure contains a bony labyrinth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid within the membranous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid between the membranous labyrinth and within the bony labyrinth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communicates with the CSF via perilymphatic duct |
|
|
Term
| The ________ is the opening to the vestibule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ is the exit to the vestibule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the vestibule provide access to? |
|
Definition
| semicircular canals and cochlea |
|
|
Term
| Explain the contents of the vestibule |
|
Definition
| contains utricle and saccule, which each contain maculae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relay head position etc. to brain via vestibular nerve (CN VIII) |
|
|
Term
| What type of hair are found in maculae? Where are they specifically found? |
|
Definition
| sensory hair; embedded in gelatinous material containing otoliths |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the otoliths in the maculae? |
|
Definition
| otoliths move when head moves, which moves gelatinous matrix, moving the hairs, sending signal to brain |
|
|
Term
| How many semi circular canals are there in the ear? What are they filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are found at the end of each semi-circular canals? |
|
Definition
| ampulla(dilated area) which connects to utricle |
|
|
Term
| What is the crista ampullaris? |
|
Definition
| ridge found in each ampulla |
|
|
Term
| Name similarities and differences between ampulla and macula |
|
Definition
| structure and fxn similar but no otoliths in ampula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conical, spiral-shaped space in the petrous temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| Each cochlear loop is surrounded by _______, also known as _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
