Term
|
Definition
| master ethical principles that underlie all other ethical principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| training employees to make decisions based on ethical values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The belief that business should be conducted without reference to the full range of ethical standards, restraints, and ideals in society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Business actions are judged by the general ethical standards of society, not by a special set of more permissive standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that ethical values are created by cultural experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that because human nature is everywhere the same, basic ethical rules are applicable in all cultures |
|
|
Term
| What type of defense is justification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of defense is excuse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is good or right is felt by intuition |
|
|
Term
| Two modes of ethical decision-making |
|
Definition
Automatic Mode
-identify decision alternatives, make a decision, choose moral argument to justify decision
Manual Mode:
identify decision alternatives, use moral framework to evaluate alternatives, make a decision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Locates morality in the consequences of an action
In other words, the ends justify the means
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Utilitarianism: The greatest good for the greatest number
Ends-Mean Ethic: The ends justify the means
Proportionality Ethic: Weigh the good against the bad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immanuel Kant
Locates morality in certain duties and obligations, which much be adhered to on principle.
Focuses on standards of conduct regardless of the consequences.
We follow these standards of conduct for their own sake and without reference to their consequences |
|
|
Term
Categorical Imperative
(based on deontology) |
|
Definition
The Formula of Universal Law
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law” |
|
|
Term
Practical Imperative
(based on deontology) |
|
Definition
The Formula of Humanity as an Ends
“Act in such a way that you treat humanity always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Rights Ethic: Each person has protections and entitlements that others have a duty to respect
Golden Rule: Do unto others what you would have them do unto you
The Theory of Justice: Each person should act fairly toward others
Organization Ethic: Be loyal to the organization
Disclosure Rule: Test an ethical decision by asking how you would feel if your actions ended up in the newspaper (a.k.a. the Wall Street Journal test) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Government activity that guides the behavior of citizens, groups, and
corporations to reach economic or social goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protections and entitlements that can be inferred by reason from the study of human nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protections and entitlements conferred by the government /law |
|
|
Term
| Who painted a fake van goh painting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an amount of money for a project added into an appropriations bill by any member of the senate or house or representatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a government in which powers are divided between a central government and subdivision governments, set forth in the Constitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clause in the constitution, article 6 section 2, setting forth the principle that when the federal gov. passes a law within its powers, the states are bound by that law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the constitutional arrangement that separates the legislative, executive, and judicial functions into three branches giving each considerable power to balance and check the others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the power of judges to review legislative and executive actions and strike down laws that unconstitutional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Added in 1791, that protects the freedom of speech, press, & assembly, and freedom to contact and lobby government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| money in exchange for favors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group that represents the political interest of many companies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group representing the interests of an industry or industry segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combination of business united to pursue a political goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| advocating a position to government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct interaction with government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indirect lobbying activity designed to build friendly relations with lawmakers, officials and staff |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generating public support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exchange of a gratuity for an official action in the past or future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
435 representatives are elected every 2 years
president & vice president, every 4 years
100 senators elected every 6 years |
|
|
Term
| political action committee |
|
Definition
| a poitical committee carrying a companies name formed to make campaign contributions the money it gives to candidates comes from individual employees, not from the corpation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| money that is unregulated as to source or amount under federal election law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| money raised and spent under the strict contribution limits and rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fund-raising by an individual who solicits multiple contributions for a candidate, then "bundles" the checks and passes them on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a message of express advocacy to voters that is not coordinated with a candidate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| costs of production borne not by the enterprise that causes them but by society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| article 1 section 8, gives power to congress to regulate commerce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a regulatory agency run by a small group of commissioners independent of political control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the removal of substantial reduction of the body of regulation covering an industry |
|
|
Term
| troubled asset relief program |
|
Definition
| a program that gave federal regulators power to exchange funds for an ownership interest in banks and corporations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| government regulation that guides the behavior of citizens, groups, and corporations to reach economic or social goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a daily gov. publication containing proposed rules, notices of public meetings by regulatory agencies, and presidential executive orders |
|
|
Term
| significant regulatory action |
|
Definition
| a rule with an annual effect of 100 million or more on the economy |
|
|
Term
| code of federal regulations |
|
Definition
| a reference work that compiles regulations of all agencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information in nonbinding documents intended to clarify official regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the general rule that federal courts should defer to agency rules that are based on reasonable interpretations of ambiguous statutes |
|
|
Term
| multinational corporation |
|
Definition
| an entity headquartered in one country that does business in one or more foreign countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economic policy of lowering tariffs and other barriers to encourage trade and investment |
|
|
Term
| transnational corporation |
|
Definition
| a parent firm that controls the assets of affiliated entities in foreign countreies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| business entities in foreign countries controlled by parent transnational corporations |
|
|
Term
| transnationality index (TNI) |
|
Definition
| the average of three ratios: foreign assets to total assets, foreign sales to total sales, and foreign employment to total employment |
|
|
Term
| foreign direct investment |
|
Definition
| funds invest by a parent MNC for starting, acquiring or expanding an affiliate in a foreign nation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the limited speculative purchase of stocks and bonds in a foreign company by individuals or equity funds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gov. entity that invests the savings of at nation |
|
|
Term
| international codes of conduct |
|
Definition
| statements set by MNCs that set forth standards for foreign operations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1977 code of conduct that required multinational corps in south Africa to do business in a non discriminatory way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| statements of philospy, policy, and principle found in nonbinding international agreements that, overtime, gain legitimacy as guidelines for interpreting the hard law in legally binding agreements |
|
|
Term
| convention on biological diversity |
|
Definition
| a treaty that requires a nation to preserve biological diversity by promoting sustainable economic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 27 principles for sustainable development |
|
|
Term
| communication on progress |
|
Definition
| the required annual report of a company participating in the global compact. that explains how the company is implementing the 10 principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act of cloaking its lack of CSR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 1789 law permitting foreign citizens to litigate, in a federal court, wrongful actions anywhere in the world that violate international law or US treaties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth in networks of economic, political, social, military, scientific, or environmental interdependence to span worldwide distances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a policy of increasing national power by managing the economy to create a trade surplus. Exports were promoted, imports restricted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tax or duty charged by a government on goods moved across a border. Tariffs raise the cost of imports, making them less competitive with similar domestic goods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a policy of national self-sufficiency and economic independence |
|
|
Term
| multilateral trade negotiation |
|
Definition
| a trade negotiation in which multiple nations seek consensus on an agreement that will apply equally to all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a principle enacted in some trade agreements requiring that if one participant extends any benefit to another, that participant must extend the same benefit to all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equal treatment for imported and local goods in a domestic market |
|
|
Term
| structural adjustment program |
|
Definition
| a set of economic policies prescribed to correct flaws in a national economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of free market policies imposed on developing nations by the IMF and the World Bank as loan conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conditions that accompanied the world bank and IMF loans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a trade agreement in which member countries eliminate import duties and other barriers to trade with each other, but maintain them for non members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a block of nations that form a free trade area and impose a common external tariff on imports from nonmembers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the flow of goods and services across border unhindered by government imposed restrictions such as taxes, tariffs, qoutas, and rules |
|
|
Term
| competitive advantage of nations |
|
Definition
| the theory that having a cluster of similar producers give a nation special advantage over other countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of trade barriers to shield domestic industries from foreign competitors |
|
|
Term
| law of comparative advantage |
|
Definition
| efficiency and the general economic welfare are optimize when each country produces at a cost advantage |
|
|
Term
| law of comparative advantage |
|
Definition
| efficiency and the general economic welfare are optimize when each country produces at a cost advantage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state in which the value of a country's total exports is less than the value of total imports |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a government policy to shape the economy by promoting companies or sectors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exporting a product at a price below the price it normally sells for in its home market. this is done to build market share |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laws that require or influence government agencies at all levels to purchase US made goods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any impediment to merchandise imports aside from customs duties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the debasement of integrity for money, position, self benefit, or privledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small amounts of money demanded by minor officials to perform their regular duties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of accompanying the request for a bribe with a specific or implied threat of lost business |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person who uses products and services in a commercial economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a movement to promote the rights and powers of consumerism in relation to sellers and a ideology in which the pursuit of material goods beyond subsistence shapes social conduct |
|
|
Term
| Who is the main person associated with consumerism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a wave of new challenging ideas based on human reason and scientific inquiry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea arising in the enlightenment that human beings are ends in themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an emphasis on material objects or money
Henry David Thoreau rejected materialism in favor of plain living |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation where a board of director member sits on two different corportations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a doctrine in the law of torts that covers redress for injuries caused by defective products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a private wrong committed by one person against another person or her or his property. An injury to a consumer caused by a manufacture defect is also a tort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unintentional failure to act responsibly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relationship giving parties a common interest under the law as in the relationship between parties to a contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a contract in which the seller guarantees the nature of the product and must compensate for if its not fulfilled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an explicit claim made by the manufacture to buyer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that liability exists even in the absence of negligence such as when a product is dangerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unwritten warranty that a product is made to meet buyers reasonable expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large cohort of workers born between 1946-1964 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any shifts in occupations of the economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sector that includes farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sector that includes manufacturing, mining, and construction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sector of occupations that adds value to goods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any sequence of actions that adds value to a product or service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of work from within a company to an outside supplier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of work from a domestic location to a foreign location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an agreement where an employee exchanges work in return for pay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| freedom to negotiate employment contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| employment contract can be ended by both sides at anytime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Japanese company that operate on a model of a family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a model where government expands generous benefits for workers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short work, a program where government subsidizes worker pay to promote employment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non wage costs such as benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fundamental standards to protect worker rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to make quick and smooth shifts of workers into and out of jobs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that one race is superior to other races |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legalized segregation in public places 1877-1950 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| power of state to regulate economic and social relationships for the welfare of all citizens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief prevalent in the south that segregated facilities were separate but equal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unequal treatment of employees based on race color religion sex or national origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discrimination caused by policies that apply to everyone and seem neutral but have a negative impact on the protected group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a legal defense a company can use to fight a disparate impact charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the statistical test for disparate impact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| policies that seek out, encourage, and sometimes give preferential treatment to employees in groups by title 7 |
|
|
Term
| systematic discrimination |
|
Definition
| a pattern or practice of individuals acts or rules in a corporations that permits or condones discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation defined as illegal when submission to sexual activity is required to get or keep a job |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an illegal situation where sexually offensive conduct is pervasive in a work place, making work difficult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an invisible barrier of sex discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| programs to recruit from diverse groups to promote cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a support network formed by employees who personify an attribute associated with discrimination, stereotyping, or social isolation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exercise of authority over members of the corporate community based on formal structures, rules, and procedures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a document issued by a state government to create a corp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the legal duty of a representative to manage property in the interest of the owner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules of corporate governance adopted by corporations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form stockholders mark giving management the right to vote their shares as indicated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a booklet of information sent to stockholders before annual votes on directors, executive pay, and other matters |
|
|
Term
| Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 |
|
Definition
| a statute enacted to prevent financial fraud in corportations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a financing transaction in which one firm lends assets to another firm in exchange for cash with an agreement to purchase assets back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statute to reform financial regulation and prevent a recurrence of the 2007-2008 financial crisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directors that are employees of the company |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directors who are not employees of company |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outside directors that do not have business dealing with it that would impair their impartiality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an independent director who presides over meetings of nonmanagement directors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the price at which a specified number of shares can be purchased in the future by execs who hold options |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the date when stock options can be exercised by purchasing shares at the grant price |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a date past the vesting date where shares can longer be bought at the grant price |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shares of a company stock awarded after sometime to an individual or company for meeting goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a grant of stock with restrictions. it cannot be sold until certain conditions are met |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| setting the exercise price of stock options at the price on a date before the date they were granted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unified single natural system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the balance between economic progress and environmental protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the earths barriers for a limited ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method to measure the earths carrying capacity and how far human society has overshot it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared resources such as land air and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a bluish gas made from three bonded oxygen atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an agreement to cut CFC's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an agreement est. to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| life long environmental impact of a product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to designing factories and distribution systems as they were self contained ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| extended product responsibility |
|
Definition
| refers to the idea that companies have a continuing responsibility for the environmental impact of the products or services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an organization produces net zero emissions of greenhouse gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long-term partnerships between companies in developed and developing countries to transfer environmental technologies |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Protection Agency EPA |
|
Definition
| created in 1970 to protect the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide combines with vapors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a movement to prevent risk to the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a approach to waste management aim to reduce pollution at the source |
|
|
Term
| Comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act CERCLA |
|
Definition
| major US law governing the cleanup of existing hazardous waste, also known as Superfund |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the traditional method of pollution control |
|
|
Term
| command and control regulations |
|
Definition
| allowable levels of various pollutants are est. by legislation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that the market is a better control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sector of the economy that produce goods and services with environmental benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of moving toward a more proactive environmental management |
|
|
Term
| ecological sustainable organization |
|
Definition
| ESO, a business that operates in a way that is consistent with sustainable development |
|
|
Term
| environmental partnerships |
|
Definition
| collaborations that draws on the unique strengths of different parnters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creating green products and services, marketing them to customers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when companies mislead customers in believing the environmental benefits of their product |
|
|
