Term
| compounds that have no use or value in the human body and maybe toxic |
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Definition
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|
Term
| pattern of central obesity is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Easy! the major fuels we obtain from our diet is... |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, proteins, and fats |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the major users of our ATP? |
|
Definition
| Biosynthesis, Detoxification, Muscle contraction, Active Ion transport, and Thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Oxidation of fuels to generate ATP |
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Definition
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|
Term
| carbohydrates are normally converted to |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathways that break molecules down |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| pathways that build molecules |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 liter (L) of water 1 degree Celsius (1°C). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidative pathways are catabolic or anabolic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The major carbohydrates in our diets... |
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Definition
| starch, sucrose, lactose, fructose, and glucose |
|
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Term
| storage form of carbohydrates in plants is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Two examples of disaccharides |
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Definition
| sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) |
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|
Term
| Two examples of monosaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxidation of carbohydrates to CO2 and H2O in the body produces approximately... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The complete oxidation of proteins to CO2, H2O, and NH4+in the body yields approximately... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The complete oxidation of triacylglycerols to CO2 and H2O in the body releases approximately |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is oxidized to CO2and H2O in the body and yields approximately ... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The average 70-kg man has approximately ___ kg stored triacylglycerol,which accounts for approximately _____% of his total stored calories |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is fat such a good storer of energy? |
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Definition
| It has a lot of energy per g and and contains little water unlike other sources of energy |
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Term
| Liver glycogen is important for? |
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Definition
| used to maintain blood glucoselevels between meals,which is necessary for optimal functioning of the nervous system. |
|
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Term
| Daily energy expenditure (DEE) |
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Definition
| includes the energy to support our basal metabolism (basal metabolic rate [BMR] or resting metabolic rate [RMR]) and our physical activity, plus the energy required to process the food we eat (diet-induced thermogenesis [DIT]). |
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Term
| a measure of the energy required to maintain life: the functioning of the lungs,kidneys and brain,the pumping of the heart,the maintenance of ionic gradients across membranes,the reactions of biochemical pathways, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that affect Basal Metabolic Rate |
|
Definition
| Gender(males greater than females), body temp (higher with fever), environmental temp(higher in cold) , thyroid status (increased in hyperthyroidism), pregnancy and lactation (increasing factors), and age (decrease with age) |
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Term
| The essential fatty acids are... |
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Definition
| linolenic acid are supplied by dietary plant oils,and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are supplied in fish oils. They are the precursors of the eicosanoids (a set of hormone like molecules that are secreted by cells in small quantities and have numerous important effects on neighboring cells). Theeicosanoids include the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and other related compounds |
|
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Term
| The 9 essential a.a.(can't be made by our body) |
|
Definition
| lysine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, and histidine |
|
|
Term
| What are the free fates of free amino acids? |
|
Definition
1)used to make proteins
2)serve as precursors for synthesis of essential nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., heme, DNA, RNA)
3) are oxidized as fuel to yield energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized bymarked hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood), anemia, edema (buildup of fluids in the interstitial spaces), pot belly, lossof hair, and other signs of tissue injury |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged protein and calorie malnutrition, particularly in young children. Children with marasmus usually do not develop edema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common Sources: Citrus fruits, potatoes, peppers, broccoli, spinach, and strawberries
Deficiency disease: Scurvy: defective collagen formation leading to subcutaneous hemorrhage, aching bones, joints, and muscle in adults, rigid position and pain in infants |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Source: Enriched cereals and breads, unrefined grains, pork, legumes, seeds, and nuts
Deficiency disease: Beri-Beri- wet (edema), anorexia, weight loss, apathy, decrease in short term memory, confusion, irritability, muscle weakness, and enlarged heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common sources: Dairy products, fortified cereals, meats, poultry, fish, and legumes
Deficiency Disease- Ariboflavinosis-sore throat, hyperemia, edema of oral mucosal membranes, cheilosis, angular stomatis, glossitis, magenta tongue, seborrheic dermatitis, normochromic normocylic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: chicken, beef, fish, enriched cereals, whole grains, and most foods
Deficiency Disease- Pellagra: pigmented rash in areas exposed to sunlight; vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea; bright red tongue, neurologic symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: chicken fish pork, eggs, fortified cereals, unmilled rice, oats, starchy vegetables, noncitrus fruits, peanuts, and walnuts
Deficiency Disease- Seborrheic dermatitis, microcytic anemia, epileptiform convulsions; depression and confusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: Citrus fruits, dark green veggies, fortified cereals, breads, and legumes
Deficiency Disease- Impaired cell division and growth, MEGALOBASTIC ANEMIA, neural tube defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: Animal products
Deficiency Disease- MEGALOBASTIC ANEMIA, neurological symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source- liver, egg yolk
Deficiency disease- conjunctivitis, CNS abnormalities, glossitis, alopecia; dry, scaly dermatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: Wide distribution in foods, esp. animal tissues, whole grain cereals, and legumes
Deficiency Disease- irritability and restlessness; fatigue, apathy, malaise; gastrointestinal symptoms and neurological symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source- milk, liver, eggs, and peanuts
Deficiency disease- liver damage |
|
|
Term
| What are the fat soluble vits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: Carrots, dark green and leafy veggies, sweet potatoes, squash, and broccoli
Deficiency Disease- Night blindness; XEROPHTHALMIA; keratinization of epithelium in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts, skin becomes dry and scaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: green leafy veggies, cabbage family, bacterial flora of intestine
Deficiency Disease- Defective blood coagulation, hemorrhagic anemia of the newborn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources; Fortified milk, exposure to sunlight
Deficiency disease- Rickets (in children); inadequate bone mineralization (osteomalacia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sources: Veggies oils, margarine, wheat germ, nuts, green leafy veggies
Deficiency disease- muscular dystrophy and neurologic abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| What are the water soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
| Vit C, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, B6, B12, Folate, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, and Choline |
|
|
Term
| In the process of respiration,fuels most often undergo which one of the following fates? |
|
Definition
| They are oxidized to generate ATP |
|
|
Term
| The recommended total fat intake is |
|
Definition
| less than 35% of your total calories (worthless if you eat too much) |
|
|
Term
| The caloric content per gram of fuel is best represented by |
|
Definition
| It is the amount of energy that can be obtained from oxidation of the fuel |
|
|
Term
| The resting metabolic rate is best explained by |
|
Definition
| t is equivalent to the caloric requirement of our major organs and resting muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Less than ____g of sodium should be ingested daily, which is equivalent to _____g of table salt |
|
Definition
2.3g of sodium
or
4.5g of table salt |
|
|
Term
| After a meal, glucose is _______ and then if not needed immediately it will be stored as _________. |
|
Definition
oxidized
glycogen- in the liver or muscle |
|
|
Term
| The liver packages triacylglycerols as... |
|
Definition
| very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)- can be stored in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 fates of glucose? |
|
Definition
1) Oxidation- energy
2) synthesis- many compounds
3) storage- glycogen or TAG |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 fates of amino acids? |
|
Definition
1) protein synthesis
2) oxidation- energy
3) synthesis of nitrogen containing compounds |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 fates of fats? |
|
Definition
1) storage- TAG
2) synthesis- membrane lipids
3) oxidation- energy |
|
|
Term
| What are the "hgealthy" values for waist circumfrence of mean and women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme type cleaves dietary proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protease is found in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protease is found in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What proteases work in the lumen of the intestine and where are they secreted from? |
|
Definition
| trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and the carboxypeptidases(TCEC)- secreted by the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What proteases are associated with the intestinal epithelial cells complete the conversion of dietary proteins to amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Aminopeptidases and di- and tripeptidases |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids are absorbed into the ___________ and released into the __________. |
|
Definition
intestinal epithelial cells
hepatic portal vein |
|
|
Term
| The triacylglyecerols are...(for digestion) |
|
Definition
| emulsified in the intestine by bile salts |
|
|
Term
| Bile salts are synthesized and stored where? |
|
Definition
synthesized- liver
stored-gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| CoA ( Coenzyme A) which makes the acetyl group more active is a cofactor derived from which vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major precursor of neurotransmitters,the chemicals that convey electrical impulses (as ion gradients)between neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since they lack mitochondria, this is the only fuel source in RBCs? |
|
Definition
| glucose, anaerobic glycolysis occurs in RBCs and lactate is formed |
|
|
Term
| What two types of lipoproteins are produced in the fed state? |
|
Definition
1) chylomicrons- large lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85-92%), phospholipids (6-12%), cholesterol (1-3%) and proteins (1-2%). They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body
2) VLDL- functions as the body's internal transport mechanism for lipids |
|
|
Term
| In the fasting state, liver glycogen is degraded by? |
|
Definition
| glycogenolysis- supplies glucose to the blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the process called that mobilizes adipose triacylglycerols to release fatty acids and glycerols into the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the length of the dast increase, what is used for the major source of fuel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During fasting state, the liver produces glucose from both... |
|
Definition
1) glycolysis
2) gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the major sources of carbon for gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
1) lactate
2) amino acids
3) glycerol |
|
|
Term
| When the carbon of amino acids is converted to glucose, what happens to the nitrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fast for 3 or more days means we are in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the starved state? |
|
Definition
| Muscles continue to use fatty acids for energy, but they use less ketone bodies. With an increased amount of ketone bodies in the blood, the brain will begin to use them for energy. Protein is preserved, to help keep us alive for long as possible. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three levels of protein malnutrition and how does the BMI rate them? |
|
Definition
I- BMI 17.0-18.4
II- BMI 16.0-16.9
III- BMI < 16.0 |
|
|
Term
| Can the liver oxidize ketone bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two proteins secreted by the liver are measured to test for malnutrition? |
|
Definition
| serum- albumin and transferrin |
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