Term
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Definition
| Group of responses that serve the same function. A-->B-->C (bunch of B's that result in the same C) |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of muscles or glands that create a measurable change in environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurable change within organism. (think more in terms of behaver) |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurable change in external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy change that affects organism through its receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Single instance of specific behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Group of stimuli that evoke the same behavior.
A-->B-->C (bunch of A's that result in same B) |
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Term
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Definition
Basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences following a behavior result in a change in frequency under similar conditions in the future.
Consequences affect future frequency of behavior. |
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Term
| Unconditioned reinforcement UR |
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Definition
Unlearned stimulus that affects future frequency of behavior
Product of phylogeny |
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Term
| Conditioned reinforcement |
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Definition
| learned stimulus that has been paired with another reinforcer to increase future frequency of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Unlearned stimulus that decreases future frequency of behavior
Product of phylogeny |
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Term
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Definition
| Previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another punisher to decrease future frequency of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Discontinuing reinforcement to decrease future frequency of behavior to low/zero levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs independent of social mediation: response or response product serve as reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior emitted in presence of stimulus because of organism's learning history. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism responds in presence of one stimulus but not another because of its learning history. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism responds to unlearned stimulus the way it does to a learned stimulus that serves the same function |
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Term
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Definition
Relationships surrounding the way things occur in nature.
EX: holding a ball and let it go, it will fall: gravity |
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Term
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Definition
All lifeforms evolve as a result of selection in relation to function.
Phylogenic, ontogenic, and cultural |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural selection in the evolutionary history of the species |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection by consequences throughout the history of an individual organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Affects behavioral contingencies of selection |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumption that Behaviorism is based on. The universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur as the result of other events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice of objective observation of behavior, independant of individual procedures |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice of ruling out simplest explanations first before considering more complex ones |
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Term
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Definition
| An applied approach to knowledge; true understanding has practical implications for action. |
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Term
| Environmental explanations of behavior |
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Definition
| Finding powerful explanations of reliable functional relations between behavior and environment |
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Term
| Methodological behaviorism |
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Definition
| Acknowledges the existence of mental events but doesn't consider them when analyzing behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Believes all behavior (private and public) can be considered in the analysis of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematic methodology NOT concerned with applying to specific populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technological principles applied to settings outside of the laboratory. Application of knowledge. |
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Term
| Conceptual analysis of behavior |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or exists |
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Term
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Definition
| involves emergence of specific untrained stimulus-stimulus relations: reflexivity, symmetry, transitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| When an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
Behavior elicited by environment
US-->UR
US+NS-->UR
CS-->CR |
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Term
| Respondent-operant interactions |
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Definition
| Occur when environmental stimuli take on a dual function. Phone rings at 3AM Operant response to answer is sD Respondent response is fear as it could be bas news (CS) |
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Term
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Definition
Rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will continue.
FI
FR
VI
VR |
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Term
| Single stimulus had multiple functions |
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Definition
A behavior altering event typically has more than one effect.
Ex: buzzer goes off when rat presses lever. Buzzer is an sD to press lever and a CR for food. |
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Term
| Unconditioned motivating operations |
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Definition
MO whose value-altering effect does not depend on organism's learning history.
ex: food deprivation |
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Term
| Conditioned motivating operations |
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Definition
MO whose value altering effects depend on organism's learning history.
ex: keys unlock home. Keys are more reinforcing when locked out. |
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Term
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Definition
Environmental variable that as a result of learning history, establishes/abolishes reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes/abates behavior reinforced by that stimulus
ex: write on paper get you favorite toy. You want pencil for the toy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutral stimulus paired with MO, becomes CMO-S; has same value altering and behavior altering effects as the MO it is paired with. |
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Term
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Definition
Neutral stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening/improving.
-establishes own offset as reinforcement
-evokes behavior that has accomplished that offset |
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Term
| MO vs. reinforcement effects |
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Definition
MO is an antecedent that has a value altering effect or behavior altering effect on effectiveness of the reinforcer.
ex: food deprivation as MO, increases effectiveness of food as reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| When a reinforcer/punisher is contingent on a behavior, behavior must be emitted to recieve reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
CS and US are presented very close together in time.
ex: upset stomach due to most recent meal, not meal from two days ago. |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship between DV that can be produced by manipulating IV; cause and effect |
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Term
| Conditional discriminations |
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Definition
| One stimulus or MO alters evocative effect of a second stimulus. Establishes second stimulus as an sD. |
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Term
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Definition
Ratio of count per observation day.
# occurances/time observed
Ex: head hits
non example: crying |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple tally of numbers of a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratio of count per observation time |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of the total extent of time in which a behavior occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Time from onset of a stimulus to initiation of response. Measure of temporal locus; |
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Term
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Definition
Time between 2 successive responses.
Measure of temporal locus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Special form of event recording; # of responses needed for learner to achieve certain degree of accuracy or proficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicator of measurement quality; degree to which 2 or more independent observers take data on same behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Without measurement, practitioners may continue an ineffective treatment or discontinue an effective one. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior measured is actual target behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Threat to validity; measurement of a behavior different from target behavior |
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Term
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Definition
All instances of target response class are recorded during observation period
Direct measure: actual measure of count/duration/etc |
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Term
| Discontinuous measurement |
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Definition
Some instances of target response class may not be detected.
Indirect measure: percentage |
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Term
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Definition
| de-pairing/ NS continuously presented in absence of CS would come to no longer elicit UR |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Verbal operant that is reinforced by delivery of a specific consequence, therefore under control of deprivation or aversive stimulation related to that consequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Verbal operant controlled by a nonverbal stimulus (object, event) and maintained by nonspecific social reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of verbal operants regulated by a verbal stimulus in which correspondence and topographic similarity between S-->R |
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Term
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Definition
| Verbal operant evoked by a verbal stimulus and conqequated by generzalized conditioned reinforcer. No p2p correspondence betwen vs and response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designates responses as members of their targeted response class, solely by their common effect on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| identifies instances of target behavior by the shape/form of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when controlling antecedent stimulus and the response 1)share the same sense mode (visual, auditory, tactile) and 2) physically resemble eachother.
(written-written, vocal-vocal) |
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Term
| point-to-point correspondence |
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Definition
| between stimulus and response/response product occurs when beginning, middle, and end of verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response. (echoic: copying a text or imitation) |
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Term
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Definition
responding mediated by a listener.
Class: all behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Reinforcement delivered contingent on the absence of a target behavior for a predetermined period of time.
Directly decreases target behavior by increasing absence of target behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
Prediction, verification, replication
Allows scientists to confirm a change in responding is due to IV manipulations rather than extraneous variables. |
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Term
| Prediction (baseline logic) |
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Definition
| Anticipated outcome of future measurement |
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Term
| verification (baseline logic) |
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Definition
| Demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had no IV been introduced. |
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Term
| Replication (baseline logic) |
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Definition
| repeat IV manipulations that have been previously conducted to obtain similar outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| # of target responses divided by total responses or response opportunities and multiplied by 100. |
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Term
| State and plan for the possible unwanted effects of reinforcement |
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Definition
Satiation
Reinforce undesirable behaviors
stereotyped responding
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Term
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Definition
| An operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response. each discrete response occurs when an opportunity to respond occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
Any operant that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space. It can be emitted at any time and can produce a wide range of response rates.
Ex: number of words read in 1 minute, |
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Term
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Definition
| staircase. Contingency of reinforcement is easily discriminated (discriminatable contingency). Not very resistant to extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scalloped (line cannot go down). STILL NOT VERY RESISTANT TO EXTINCTION. Ex: in 10 minute interval, 1st response after 10 minutes is reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in steady stable responding. Hash marks are varied |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurement procedure for obtaining a tally or count of the humber of times a behavior occurs |
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Term
| Exact-count-per-interval IOA |
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Definition
| % of total intervals in which two observers recorded the same count; the most stringent description of IOA for most data sets obtained by event recording |
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Term
| Interval by interval IOA (total interval IOA/point by point IOA) |
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Definition
| Index of the agreement between observers for data obtained by interval recording or time sampling measurement. |
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Term
| Mean count per interval IOA |
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Definition
| The average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by two observers in a measurement period comprised of a series of smaller counting times; a more conservative measure of interobserver agreement than total count interobserver agreement |
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Term
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Definition
| Extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state/values of the event as it exists in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the consistency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and to the reasons for measuring it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A graph which has lines equally spaced on the vertical axis so that when you add or subtract a certain amount, you move up or down the same distance, no matter where on the graph you start |
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Term
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Definition
| Direction of the data path; can be increasing, decreasing, or at no/zero trend. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point on the y-axis around which the data points (behavioral measures) converge, can be high, moderate, or low; the median |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which multiple measures of the same behavior yield different results. The greater the variability, the greater the need for more data. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals |
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Term
| Partial interval recording |
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Definition
A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5 to 10 seconds). The observer records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval
*Tends to overestimate duration of behavior and underestimate frequency |
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Term
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Definition
A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5 to 15 seconds). At the end of each interval, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the entire interval
*Tends to underestimate the frequency and duration of behavior |
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Term
| Applied (dimensions of ABA) |
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Definition
Behaviors of study are socially significant (relate to- what does socially significant mean?)
Close relationship between behavior being studied and the organism in which it is studied (applies directly to the client) |
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Term
| Behavioral (dimensions of ABA) |
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Definition
Precise and objective measurement of behavior
-focus is on what person does, not what he or she says they can do
-someone’s verbal description of their own non-verbal behavior is not accepted as a measure of actual behavior |
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Term
| Analytic (dimensions of ABA) |
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Definition
| Able to demonstrate control, functional relations |
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Term
| Technological (dimensions of ABA) |
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Definition
| The techniques making up a particular behavioral application are completely identified and described |
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Term
| Effective (dimensions of ABA) |
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Definition
The intervention has produced large enough effects for practical value.
-It's practical importance, specifically its power in altering behavior enough to be socially important, is the essential criterion.
-Is it socially important? (Basic research often looks at theoretical importance)
-Matter of degree - How much did the behavior need to changed |
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Term
| Conceptually Systematic (dimensions of ABA) |
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Definition
Procedures also have to strive for relevance to principles so that the technology turns into a discipline rather than just "collection of tricks"
-easier to teach, learn, and collaborate with others in the field
-always relate what one is doing to the 5 principals |
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Term
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Definition
The behavior changed proved durable over time, if it appears in a wide variety of possible environments, or if it spreads to a wide variety of related behaviors. The new behavior continues even after the behavior stops and/or occurs in different settings
(not the same as generalization) |
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Term
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Definition
| Variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher |
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Term
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Definition
| Variable in the experiment measured to determine if changes are a result of the manipulation of IV and not extraneous variables |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental design consisting of an initial baseline phase, an intervention phase, and a return to baseline conditions by withdrawing the independent variable to see whether responding "reverses" to levels observed in the initial baseline phase |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental design consisting of an initial baseline phase, an initial intervention phase, a return to baseline condition, and a second intervention phase |
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Term
| Alternating treatment design (multi element) |
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Definition
| An experimental design in which two or more conditions are presented in rapidly alternating succession independent of the level of responding |
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Term
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Definition
A within-subject design that uses two or more baselines in a coordinated way to allow control-treatment comparisons both within and across baselines
Risk- Withholding effective treatment while extending baseline conditions |
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Term
| Unwanted effects of reinforcement |
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Definition
-maladaptive behavior may occur when denied access to the reinforcer (thinning schedule)
-effects may be temporary (not long lasting)
-relying on contrived instead of natural reinforcement
-behavioral contrast (decrease of the behavior in other settings)
-matching law (increasing reinforcement for one behavior on one schedule can decrease behaviors on another schedules)
-health concerns (cigarettes, candy, etc.) |
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Term
| Unwanted effects of extinction |
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Definition
-Produce variability in behavior
-extinction burst
-doesn’t teach/reinforce appropriate behavior
-Can produce emotional and aggressive responding |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of a stimulus immediately following a behavior that increases the future frequency of that behavior under similar conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a stimulus immediately following a behavior that increases the future frequency of that behavior under similar conditions |
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Term
| Parameters of reinforcement |
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Definition
| Magnitude, Duration, Response Effort, Delay to Reinforcement |
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Term
| Continuous reinforcement (FR1) |
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Definition
Reinforcement is provided for each and every instance of the target behavior
Why might continuous reinforcement be used?
-To strengthen initial behaviors |
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Term
| Intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is provided for some but not all instances of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
Reinforcement is provided after a specific amount of responses have occurred
Effects of FR schedule- After the first response the rest of the responses necessary to meet the reinforcement are performed with little hesitation between responses. A Post Reinforcement Pause tend to follow reinforcement
What determines the maximum ratio?
Baseline rate of responding and reinforcement, MO, reinforcer quality, ratio change procedures |
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Term
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Definition
On a Fixed Ratio schedule of reinforcement, the learner tends to pause in responding after reinforcement is delivered for the previous ratio being met.
- The absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
Reinforcement is provided for the first response that occurs after a fixed interval of time has passed
Effects of FI Schedule: Postreinforcememnt Pause & an acceleration of response rate at end of interval (called an FI scallop due to how it looks on a graph) |
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Term
| Does FR or FI produce a more consistent rate of responding? |
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Definition
| FR (there is a pause, then a consistant rate of responding, with FI you get the scallop effect - increased rate of responding that peaks at the end of the interval when reinforcement is delivered) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcement is provided after an average number of responses |
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Term
| Variable Interval Schedule |
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Definition
Reinforcement is provided for the first response that occurs after an average amount of time has passed.
VI Effects: Consistency of performance (constant, stable rate of response). Few hesitations between responses, few pauses in responding. The rate of responding is low to moderate; the average duration of the time intervals influences the rate of response, to a degree, the larger the average interval, the lower the overall rate of response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing a contingency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval; it results in a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both |
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Term
|
Definition
| A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules; common effects include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses or cessation in responding |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplementary antecedent stimuli that are introduced to evoke a desired response when the discriminative stimulus is present |
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Term
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Definition
Involve the behavior of another individual
Acts on the response itself, not the antecedent stimuli
-Verbal, Gestural, Modeling, Physical Guidance |
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Term
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Definition
Involve a change in the stimulus or the addition or removal of a stimulus
-movement, position, redundancy (the dimension of the stimulus is paired with the correct response) |
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Term
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Definition
Altering some aspect of the Sd to make it more likely that the student will respond to it
1. Positional Prompts
2. Size Prompts |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematic and gradual transofrmation of the physical shape of the stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gradual elimination of a prompt |
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Term
|
Definition
| When stimulus prompt is used, slowly fade back to natural stimulus |
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Term
| 3 ways to transfer stimulus control |
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Definition
Prompt fading (most to least, least to most)
stimulus fading
time delays |
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Term
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Definition
| Beginning with a prompt reliably known to evoke the behavior and gradually proceeding to less intrusive prompts |
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Term
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Definition
| Prompting begins with minimal cues that systematically and gradually increase until they result in the correct response |
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Term
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Definition
| Using the minimal amount of physical prompting required to occasion the correct response and then gradually reducing physical prompts within the teaching trial |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of systematically and differentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior |
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Term
| Successive approximations |
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Definition
| the sequence of new response classes that emerge during the shaping process as a result of differential reinforcement |
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Term
| Shaping a behavior ACROSS response topographies |
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Definition
| When select members of a response class are differentially reinforced and where members of other response classes are not |
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Term
| Shaping behavior WITHIN response topographies |
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Definition
| When the form of the behavior remains constant but differential reinforcement is applied to other measurable dimensions of the behavior |
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Term
| Difference between shaping and stimulus fading |
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Definition
| In shaping the antecedent remains constant while the response becomes more differentiated. In stimulus fading the antecedent stimulus changes gradually while the response stays essentially the same |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the various methods for linking specific sequences of stimuli and responses to form new performances |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and an Sd for the next response |
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Term
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Definition
| is the breaking down of a complex skill into smaller teachable units- the product is a series of sequentially ordered steps |
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Term
| Methods of identifying and validating the steps in a task analysis |
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Definition
- observation of the sequence being completed by a competent individual
- consulting with experts
- performing the behavior oneself |
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Term
|
Definition
Task is taught in the naturally occurring sequence
- A method for teaching behavior chains that begins with the learner being prompted and taught to perform the first behavior in the task analysis; the trainer completes the remaining steps in the chain. When the learner shows competence in performing the first step in the chain, he is then taught to perform the first two behaviors in the chain, with the trainer completing the chain. This process is continued until the learner completes the entire chain independently. |
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Term
|
Definition
all the steps in the analysis are initially completed by the instructor except for the final behavior in the chain
- A teaching procedure in which a trainer completes all but the last behavior in a chain, which is performed by the learner, who then receives reinforcement for completing the chain. When the learner shows competence in performing the final step in the chain, the trainer performs all but the last two behaviors in the chain, the learner emits the final two steps to complete the chain, and reinforcement is delivered. This sequence is continued until the learner completes the entire chain independently. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation of forward chaining where the learner receives training on each step in the TA during every session |
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Term
|
Definition
Contains two responses
1. Controlling response
2. Controlled response |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcement provided on a time-based schedule, not delivered contingent upon an occurrence or non-occurrence of behavior |
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Term
| Differential reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimensions(s) (i.e., frequency, topography, duration, latency, or magnitude) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
| DR of Alternative behavior- provide reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of a functionally equivalent behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| DR of Incompatible behavior- provide reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of a topographically dissimilar behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| DR of Low Rates - reinforcement follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT), or is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion |
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Term
|
Definition
| DR of High Rates- reinforcement provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals (e.g., more than three responses per 5 minutes, more than five responses per 5 minutes, more than eight responses per 5 minutes) |
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Term
|
Definition
A behavior change strategy that manipulates contingency independent antecedent stimuli
-functional communication training
-visual supports
-social stories
-high P request sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mutually agreed upon document between parties (e.g., parent and child) that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contingency contract that a person makes with himself, incorporating a self-selected task and reward as well as personal monitoring of task completions and self-delivery of the reward |
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Term
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Definition
| A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of (a) a person within the group, (b) a select group of members within the larger group, or (c) each member of the group meeting a performance criterion |
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Term
|
Definition
A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of one member of the group or the behavior of a small group of members within the larger group (also known as the hero procedure)
-can lead to negative side effects such as bullying |
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Term
|
Definition
A contingency in which reinforcement for each member of a group is dependent on that person's meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group
• in other words, All members of the group are offered a contingency, but only the individuals who meet the contingency earn the reinforcer |
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Term
|
Definition
contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group
-in other words, for the whole group to earn reinforcement, everyone in the group must meet the criterion for the established contingency |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acquired via descriptions of contingencies without the person actually experiencing the contingencies described; controlled by vocal verbal behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
is the personal application of behavior change tactics that produce a desired change in behavior
-desired change in target behavior MUST occur for self-management to be demonstrated
-occurs on a contiuum
-when used or implemented, all procedures should be described in detail
Controlled Response- the target behavior the individual wants to change |
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Term
| Advantages of self-management |
|
Definition
-Influence behavior not accessible to external change agents
-external change agents can miss important instances of behavior (e.g., not everyone can watch you exercise the whole time)
-promotes generalization and maintenance of behavior change
-small repertoire of self-management skills can control many behaviors
-some people perform better under self-selected tasks and performance criteria
-teaching students self-management skills provides meaningful practice for other areas of school curriculum |
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Term
| Primary feature of self management |
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Definition
manipulation of events or stimuli antecedent (before) to the target behavior
-environmental planning
-situational inducement |
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Term
| Antecedent based self-management tactics |
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Definition
-Manipulate Mo’s
-Provide response prompts
-performing initial steps of the behavior chain
-removing materials required for undesirable behavior
-limiting undesired behavior to restricted stimulus conditions
-dedicating a specific environment for a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
procedure whereby a person observes his or her behavior systematically and records the occurrence or noncocurrence of a target behavior
-also called self-recording or self observation
-wide variety of applications in the research
-difficult to isolate self-monitoring as a procedure, usually entails other contingencies
**often paired with reinforcement which can be self delivered or teacher delivered |
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Term
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Definition
| comparison of a person's performance be himself with a predetermined goal or standard |
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Term
| Why self-monitoring works |
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Definition
not fully understoon
-much of self-monitoring consists of covert behaviors
-confounded by other variables
-may evoke self-evaluative statements that serve to either reinforcer or punish behavior
-”guilt control” (malott, 1981)- target behavior may be strengthened through R-, escape and avoidance of guilty feelings that occur when one’s behavior is “bad”
**remember self management is often viewed as rule governed as the response to consequence delay is typically great |
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Term
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Definition
A behavior management system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers
-How are tokens conditioned as reinforcers? |
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Term
| Advantages of token economy |
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Definition
| Reinforcement can be immediate, the program is highly structured, tokens don't lose their value, tokens are easy to dispense and easy to quantify, response cost is easy to implement, the client learns skills for counting tokens, purchasing, etc |
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Term
| Disadvantages of token economy |
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Definition
| Time and effort in starting and running the program and staff management issues |
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Term
| Backup reinforcer in token economy |
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Definition
| Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens |
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Term
| Generalized conditioned reinforcer |
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Definition
| A generalized conditioned reinforcer is a stimulus that exerts a reinforcing effect because it has been associated with reinforcing stimuli. In contrast with unconditioned reinforcement, in which the stimulus is in itself reinforcing, conditioned reinforcers are stimuli that have come to have value to an individual as a result of learning. Furthermore, generalized conditioned reinforcers are associated with many other reinforcers; their effectiveness does not depend upon a specific reinforcer, as the stimulus represents different reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent upon behavior occurring |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level. |
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Term
| What are the necessary components of an operational definition? |
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Definition
| observable, measureable, clear beginning, clear end, example, non-example |
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Term
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Definition
Indirect methods: interviews, checklists, questionnaires
Direct methods: ABC (narrative, structured, continuous), scatterplot...) |
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Term
| Functional communication training (FCT) |
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Definition
| Antecedent intervention that establishes an appropriate communicative behavior to compete with problems evoked by an EO. |
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Term
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Definition
| experiments in ABA in which the experimental logic or reasoning for analyzing behavior changes uses the subject as own control. |
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Term
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Definition
1)initial baseline phase w/o IV
2) intervention phase with IV
3) return to baseline conditions (withdraw IV)
most straightforward and generally most powerful design for demonstrating a functional relation between IV and DV.
Reintroducing B enables replication of treatment effects which strengthens the demonstration of experimental control.
considerations: irreversibility and social/educational/ethical concerns. |
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Term
| Alternating treatment design |
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Definition
rapid alternation of two or more IV treatments while their effects on DV are measured.
Degree of experimental control is determined by visual inspection of differences between and among data paths.
Experimental control found when data paths of diff treatments make no overlap and have either stable or opposing trends.
+ does not require treatment withdrawal, quickly compares while minimizing irreversibility, minimizes sequence effects, can begin immediately, can be used with unstable data, can be used to assess generalization of effects....
-) multiple treatment interference |
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Term
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Definition
| objective, believable evidence that different levels of responding are predictably and reliably produced by the presence of the different treatments. |
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Term
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Definition
used for when target behavior is likely to be irreversible, or when removing conditions is undesirable/impractical/unethical.
+) does not require withdrawal of treatment; easier for teachers/parents;
-) time and resources; unethical to withhold treatment |
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Term
| Changing criterion design |
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Definition
| Baseline is followed by implementation of treatment in a phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bx of social significance |
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Term
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Definition
| Bx is dependent, observable, measurable |
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Term
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Definition
1) voluntariness (subject's participation is done without coercian)
2) information (adequate information regarding other options, and told about risks/benefits; right to terminate)
3) capacity: legal/mental age to sign consent |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedures and observations are objective for procedural replication |
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Term
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Definition
| procedures for bx are described in basic principles |
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Term
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Definition
| Fx relation of bx change/to socially significant extent |
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Term
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Definition
| Bx change extends out of training environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Motivating operation: antecedent variable that has temporary value altering and behavior altering effect |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus/state/event that temporarily increases the value of r and has ^behavior altering effect |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus/state/event that temporarily increases the value of p and has decrease in behavior altering effect |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus/state/event that temporarily decreases the value of reinforcement and has a (decreasing) behavior altering effect |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus/state/event that temporarily decreases value of punishment and has an (increasing) behavior altering effect |
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Term
Stimulus equivalence
Reflexivity |
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Definition
| generalized identity match to sample performance based on physical similarity in the absence of direct training |
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Term
Stimulus equivalence:
Symmetry |
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Definition
| reversal of previously taught conditional discrimination in the absence of direct training |
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Term
Stimulus equivalence
Transitivity |
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Definition
| The emergence of a novel form of stimulus control in the absence of direct training |
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Term
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Definition
Look at hypothesis
develop experimental conditions (identify measure/design)
arrange conditions: |
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Term
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Definition
Graph that shows the number of responses against time. Number of responses recorded per observation is added to the total number of responses recorded from all previous observation periods.
Pro:
Most convenient representation of behavior observed in EAB.
Con:
Very high rates of responding are difficult to visually compare with one another on cumulative records.
gradual changes can be hard to detect |
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Term
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Definition
immediacy
DIRM
magnitude
response effort
duration |
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Term
| Changing criterion design |
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Definition
Graph used to evaluate effects of treatment on gradual or step-wise improvement of a behavior already in subject's repertoire.
Pro: does not require withdrawal or reversal
allows for experimental analysis
Con
target behavior must be in repertoire
Example of behavior for changing criterion: exercise behavior: increasing duration of exercise. Decreasing smoking behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
Variation of MBD. Method of analyzing relation between IV and acquisition of successive approximation or task sequence.
Pro: Appropriate for situations in which prolonged baseline measurement is highly unlikely/too costly/likely to have reactivity |
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Term
| Compare and contrast MBD and multiple probe design |
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Definition
MBD: Data are collected simultaneously throughout the baseline phase (for each behavior/subject/setting)
Multiple probe: Intermittent probes provide basis for determining whether behavior change has occurred prior to intervention.
Multiple baseline design: |
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Term
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Definition
| Which components of a treatment package do you need to provide the most effective and efficient treatment? |
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Term
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Definition
When there is an increase/decrease of a behavior in one setting and the reverse effect in another setting.
When there is a change in a schedule of R/P that alters the rate of responding (increase or decrease), the rate of responding will change in the unaltered component of the schedule in the opposite direction. |
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Term
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Definition
allocation of responding is proportional to the schedule of reinforcement.
On 2 concurrent schedules of reinforcement, behavior will be proportionally allocated to maximize contact with reinforcement.
Ex: VI 5 VI 10: behavior is going to occur twice as often with VI5 schedule. |
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Term
| Unwanted effects of punishment |
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Definition
-emotional outbursts
-escape/avoidance behavior
-behavioral contrast
-undesired modeling
-negative reinforcement for punishing agents behavior |
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