Term
| The CNS is enclosed in a series of 3 membranes. List them in order from external to internal. |
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Definition
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Term
| This meningeal layer adheres closely to the skull. |
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Definition
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Term
| A tough, dense connective tissue with lots of collagen-increased strength. Completely encloses the CNS. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which meningeal layer creates cuffs around blood vessels and cranial nerves as they pass into and out of the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| At perforations, ___ makes a sheath around entering/exiting structures. This meningeal layer differs in structure from the cerebrum to the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 layers of the cerebral dura around the brain. |
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Definition
Periosteal Layer
Meningeal Layer |
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Term
| Which layer of cerebral dura is closely adhered to the inner surface of the skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which layer of cerebral dura is closely adhered to the periosteal layer. |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: The 2 layers of the cerebral dura are usually very closely adherent to one another and to the inner surface of the cranium so that there isn't space between the dura and the skull or the two layers of dura. |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: The epidural space in the cranial cavity is normally a potential space. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are 2 normal occurrences and 1 pathological occurrence when there is a space in the layers of the dura. List them. |
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Definition
Normal: Dural Venous Sinuses, Dural Septa
Pathological: Hematoma |
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Term
| A thin, delicate membranous meningeal layer. |
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Definition
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Term
| A single layer of cells that adheres directly to the brain itself. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the superior sagittal sinus drain into? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the straight sinus drain into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the confluence of sinuses drain into laterally? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the transverse sinus drain into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where 2 layers of dura separate and form a sinus of cavity within the cerebrum. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do dural venous sinuses contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest dural venous sinus called? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the inferior margins of the sagittal sinus, the two layers of meningeal dura fuse, forming a septum, also known as what? This separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres. |
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Definition
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Term
| Goes from the crista galli to the back of the skull to separate the 2 cerebral hemispheres. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is where only the meningeal layer of dura folds in upon itself to form sheet-like protrusions into the cranial cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it that can partially separate different intercranial compartments? |
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Definition
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Term
| A crescent shaped fold of dura mater that lies in the sagittal plane and separates cerebral hemispheres. |
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Definition
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Term
| What dural venous sinus runs along the superior border of the falx cerebri? |
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Definition
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Term
| What dural venous sinus runs along the inferior border of the falx cerebri? |
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Definition
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Term
| A crescent shaped fold of dura mater located in the sagittal plane and separates the cerebellar hemispheres. |
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Definition
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Term
| Forms a tent-like sheet of dura mater that covers the superior surface of the cerebellum and separates it from the occipital and temporal lobes, forming the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Runs in the horizontal plane. Separates the cerebellum from the rest of the cerebrum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Space in the tentorium cerebelli through which the brainstem passes. It is a point of clinical significance. |
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Definition
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Term
| A horizontal section of dura that forms the roof of the hypophyseal fossa and pituitary gland. The infundibulum (stalk of pituitary)pierces this. |
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Definition
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Term
| A blow to the skull that results in bleeding from vessels which lie within the skull. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 most common types of hematomas within the skull. |
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Definition
Epidural Hematoma
Subdural Hematoma |
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Term
| Bleeding between the dura and the skull. (Outside of the dura) |
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Definition
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Term
| Bleeding between the dura and arachnoid layer. (Within the dura) |
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Definition
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Term
| Point where the frontal, temporal, parietal, and sphenoid bones join together. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common place for fracture in the skull. |
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Definition
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Term
| What lies underneath the pterion? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bleed occurs between the dura and the skull? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bleed occurs between the dura and arachnoid layers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lens shaped hematoma within the skull. Lens shaped because there is very little room for movement. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Crescent shaped hematoma. A bit more movement allowed with this one. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Can cause death within minutes to a few hours without treatment due to tonsillar herniation. |
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Definition
| Epidural Hematoma (Arterial Bleed) |
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|
Term
| A subdural hematoma is commonly caused by the severing of what kind of veins that go from the surface of the brain to the arachnoid to empty into the venous sinuses. |
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Definition
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Term
| TRUE/FALSE: A blow to the brain may cause the brain to move within the cranium. This causes a shearing force to occur between bridging veins and sinuses which causes slow venous bleeding that will gradually collect within the subdural space. |
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Definition
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Term
| A displacement of brain tissue underneath the falx cerebri |
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Definition
| Fascial/Subfascial Herniation |
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|
Term
| A protrusion of the brain through the tentorial incisure |
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Definition
| Transtentorial (uncal) herniation |
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|
Term
| A protrusion of the brainstem and cerebellum through the foramen magnum. |
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Definition
| Transforaminal (Tonsilar) herniation |
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|
Term
| These types of hematomas have a little more room to spread out, so they normally cover more brain area. The increase of fluid pushes the brain inward toward the septa. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Herniation through what is the most fatal? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the periosteal dura end? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of dura covers the spinal cord? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is meningeal dura adherent to the vertebrae? |
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Definition
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Term
| In spinal dura, there is a space between the vertebrae and the dura. what is this space called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the epidural space filled with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dura extends onto spinal nerves and eventually blends with what? |
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Definition
| Epineurium (connective tissue covering of nerve) |
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|
Term
| A delicate, transparent, and fibrous layer that lines the inner surface of the dura. |
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Definition
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Term
| Site for epidural anesthesia. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the arachnoid layer dip into the sulci? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there normally any space in between the dura and the arachnoid layer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the arachnoid from the pia layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fluid that bathes the spinal cord and brain. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Subarachnoid space as well as inside the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain |
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Term
| Specialized cells within the arachnoid meningeal layer that bridge the gap and provide a web like appearance that can be seen microscopically. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A well to store water or fluid |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cisterns does the spinal arachnoid space have? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Very narrow over the surfaces of the gyri and sulci, and much larger in certain locations where it bridges over large surface irregularities. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Regions (dilations of subarachnoid space) that contain large volumes of CSF are called what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are most cisterns named? |
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Definition
| By the structures over which they lie |
|
|
Term
| Where does CSF come from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The cistern that lies inferior to the cerebellum on the posterior aspect of the brain stem. This is the largest cistern. |
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Definition
| Cerebellomedullary/Cisterna Magna |
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|
Term
| This cistern is on the anterior aspect of the brain stem anterior to the pons. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This cistern is on the anterior aspect of the brain stem and lies between the peduncles. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This cistern lies on the posterior side of the brain stem superior to the cerebellum and inferior to the occipital lobe. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Areas of CSF accummulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delicate membrane that adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord and follows all the contours of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 specializations of spinal pia mater. |
|
Definition
Denticulate Ligaments
Filum Terminale |
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|
Term
| Look like tufts or cauliflower. These are specialized cells that protrude into venous sinuses to get CSF. This is a 1 way valve. |
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Definition
| Villi (Arachnoid granulations) |
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|
Term
| Enter dural venous sinuses and permit one-way flow of CSF from the subarachnoid space into the venous circulation. They are found in large numbers along the superior sagittal sinus, but are associated with all venous sinuses. |
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Definition
| Arachnoid Granulations (Villi) |
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|
Term
| Follows vessels as the pierce the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood brain barrier is made up partially by what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Splits the dorsal and ventral roots and anchor the spinal cord to the dura |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The end process of the spinal cord that attaches to the end of the spinal canal. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cells line the ventricles within the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Includes cavities within the CNS. Vestiges of cavity of neural tube that forms structures of CNS. Lined with ependymal cells and contains CSF produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricle. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ventricular system consists of 4 fluid filled communicating cavities within the brain. Name them. |
|
Definition
Lateral Ventricles (2)
Third Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Fourth Ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Where are the lateral ventricles located? |
|
Definition
| One in each cerebral hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| When ependymal cells come in contact with pia, they form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does pia come in contact with ependymal cells? |
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Definition
| Pia follows blood vessels. Ependymal cells line ventricles. Pia follows the choroid arteries which go to ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Interventricular foramen of Monro |
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 parts of the Lateral Ventricles |
|
Definition
Frontal Horn
Trigone
Occipital Horn
Temporal Horn
Body |
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|
Term
| What part of the lateral ventricle is located within the frontal lobe and lacks a choroid plexus |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What part of the lateral ventricle is located in the medial portion of the frontal and parietal lobes, has a choroid plexus, and includes the foramen of Monro |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What part of the lateral ventricle is located in the medial part of hte temporal lobe and has a choroid plexus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What part of the lateral ventricle is located within the parietal and occipital lobes and lack a choroid plexus |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What part of the lateral ventricle is found at the junction of the body, occipital horn, and temporal horn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the lateral ventricle contains glomus |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A large tuft of choroid plexus which is calcified in adults and can be visualized on an X-ray or CT |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The choroid plexus makes CSF, there has to be a way to drain the CSF from the lateral ventricle. What is this called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Located at the very anterior edge of the body of the lateral ventricle. It drains the lateral ventricles into the 3rd ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 ventricles are connected via the cerebral aqueduct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A slit like vertical midline cavity of the diencephalon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ventricle contains the choroid plexus on its roof? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lies in the midbrain and connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles. It lacks a choroid plexus. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Blockage of the Cerebral Aqueduct leads to what? |
|
Definition
| Hydrocephalus (Aqueductal Stenosis) |
|
|
Term
| There is a piece of brain tissue that pierces right through the center of the 3rd ventricle. What is it called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This ventricle lies between the cerebellum and brainstem. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The 4th ventricle contains choroid plexus, but where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This ventricle expresses CSF into the subarachnoid space via 2 lateral foramina (of Luschka) and 1 midline foramen (of Magendie). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This ventricle continues on as the spinal canal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things border the Foramen of Monro? |
|
Definition
| thalamus and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| A clear colorless liquid similar to blood plasma but has more NaCl and very little protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 functions of the CSF. |
|
Definition
1. Supports and cushions the CNS against trauma.
2. Removes waste products of metabolism, drugs, and other substances that diffuse into the brain from the blood.
3. Carries hormones and hormone-releasing factors from the hypothalamus to the venous system. |
|
|
Term
| Since this substance is very buoyant, it reduces momentum and acceleration of the brain when the cranium is suddenly displaced, thereby reducing concussive damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillary networks surrounded by cuboidal or columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ml what is the total volume of CSF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your body produces 400-500 ml/day of CSF, so that means how much is recycled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH level of CSF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of CSF is plasma glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| <45 mg/dl in lumbar cistern |
|
|
Term
| Walk through the circulation steps of CSF |
|
Definition
1. CSF is formed in the lateral and 3rd ventricles and passes the cerebral aqueduct into the 4th ventricle.
2. Out of 4th ventricle via the Foramen of Magendie (midline) and foramina of Lushka (lateral)
3. Circulates into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord
4. Passively returned to the venous system via the arachnoid villi |
|
|
Term
| 3 things that can occur when there is blockage in the circulation route of the CSF. |
|
Definition
Enlargement of Ventricles
Damage to neural tissue
Changes in cranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A condition that results from an abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricles of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 results of hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
Increased ICP
Enlargement of ventricles
Increased head size in children causing mental retardation or death |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 causes of hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
1. Overproduction of CSF by the choroid plexus
2. Under reabsorption of CSF by the subarachnoid granulations
3. Blockage of CSF circulation either communicating or non-communicating. |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
| Blockage of CSF circulation |
|
|
Term
| Where something is restricting the flow of CSF within the ventricular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where something is restricting the flow of CSF after it has exited the ventricular system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Communicating or Non-Communicating:
A pontine tumor is invading the subarachnoid space in the area of the pontine cistern causing a blockage of CSF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Communicating or Non-Communicating:
A foramen of Monro has a blockage in it causing CSF to back up. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the pia/arachnoid in the brain, spinal cord, or both. Can be caused by bacteria or virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs most often in children under the age of 5. Characterized by fever, headache, nuchal rigidity with Kernig sign. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also known as aseptic meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characterized by fever, headache, nuchal rigidity with Kernig sign. Causes include mumps, epstein-barr virus, herpes simplex 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May result in cranial nerve palsies (III, IV, VI, and VIII) and hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CSF findings: numerous neutrophils, decreased glucose levels, elevated protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CSF findings: numerous lymphocytes, normal glucose, normal to slightly increased protein. |
|
Definition
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