Term
| Describe the components and stages of information processing |
|
Definition
| ????????????????????????????????????????/ |
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|
Term
| Describe measurement of information processing |
|
Definition
| ????????????????????????????????????????/ |
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|
Term
| Critique information processing methods in a sample research article |
|
Definition
| ????????????????????????????????????????/ |
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|
Term
| Compare and contrast dorsal and ventral stream visual processing as one form of stimulus identification |
|
Definition
| ????????????????????????????????????????/ |
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|
Term
| Compare and contrast explicit/declarative and implicit/nondeclarative forms of memory. |
|
Definition
| ????????????????????????????????????????/ |
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|
Term
| Discuss the role of the individual components (STSS, WM/STM, LTM) of memory & how they influence information processing |
|
Definition
| ????????????????????????????????????????/ |
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|
Term
| Discuss attention and its role in motor skill performance |
|
Definition
| ????????????????????????????????????????/ |
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|
Term
| Describe the dual-task paradigm and how it is used for examining attention during motor skill performance. |
|
Definition
| ????????????????????????????????????????/ |
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|
Term
| Describe how trainers/therapists may influence information processing, attention and memory in our patients/clients |
|
Definition
| ????????????????????????????????????????/ |
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|
Term
| define information processing |
|
Definition
| registering and perceiving sensory inputs and planning a motor response to it |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| period of time between sensory input and initiation of movement |
|
|
Term
| define simple reaction time |
|
Definition
| reaction time when you know ahead of time what the cue will be and what the response should be |
|
|
Term
| what is the average simple reaction time in a normal person |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define choice reaction time |
|
Definition
| reaction time when stimulus could be one of several options resulting in a different response to each different stimulus |
|
|
Term
| define discrimination reaction time |
|
Definition
| reaction time when you should respond only when you see a certain stimulus while ignoring other stimuli |
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|
Term
| what type of reaction time is the Go-No Go response |
|
Definition
| discrimination reaction time |
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|
Term
| what type of reaction time determines a person's ability to inhibit reactions |
|
Definition
| discrimination reaction time |
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|
Term
| what type of reaction time is this: if you see red, press your index finger; if you see blue, press your middle finger; if you see green, press your ring finger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of reaction time is this: if you see red, press the button. If you see blue, don't press anything. |
|
Definition
| discrimination reaction time |
|
|
Term
| what type of reaction time is this: press the button as soon as you see the light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time between a warning given to a subject and the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| what should you consider with your foreperiod in a research study and why? |
|
Definition
| vary the foreperiod so that the subject isn't able to anticipate when the stimulus will occur |
|
|
Term
| what can happen if you have a constant foreperiod |
|
Definition
| the subject can anticipate when the stimulus will occur and make their reaction time appear faster than it is |
|
|
Term
| what tool is used to detect motor preparation before movement actually begins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 stages of Information Processing |
|
Definition
| 1. Stimulus Identification; 2. Response Selection; 3. Response Programming |
|
|
Term
| what should you consider with the 3 stages of information processing when measuring a person's reaction time |
|
Definition
| manipulate your study as needed to determine which of the 3 stages the person is having trouble with |
|
|
Term
| what are some ways to influence the stimulus ID component of reaction time? |
|
Definition
| you can manipulate the stimulus or parts of the environment to change Attention, Sensory Load, and Recognition |
|
|
Term
| how does attention affect stimulus ID |
|
Definition
| you have to be paying attention to be able to identify the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| how does sensory load affect stimulus ID |
|
Definition
| if there is a lot going on, it is harder to perceive3 the stimulus. For example, if you are trying to hear an auditory stimulus, it can be hard if there is a lot of background noise. |
|
|
Term
| how does recognition affect stimulus ID? |
|
Definition
| Need to be able to recognize what the stimulus is trying to tell us |
|
|
Term
| what is a synonym for attention when trying to identify the stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a synonym for sensory load when trying to identify the stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a synonym for recognition when trying to identify a stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 2nd stage of information processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is memory involved in response selection? |
|
Definition
| it helps to have a motor plan in your memory so that you know what you are going to do |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things determine the length of the response selection phase of information processing? |
|
Definition
| simple vs. choices AND compatibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is a logarithmic relationship between the number of choices to choose from and the length of reaction time |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for Hick's law |
|
Definition
| Choice Reaction Time = a + b[log2(N)] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mount of information needed to resolve the uncertainty about the N stimulus-response alternatives |
|
|
Term
| how does the amount of information to be processed change each time the number of alternatives is doubled |
|
Definition
| the amount of information increases by 1 bit each time the number of alternative responses is doubled |
|
|
Term
| what is N in a simple reaction paradigm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Hick's Law for a simple reaction paradigm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is on the y axis of the Hick's Law graph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is on the x axis of the Hick's Law graph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define stimulus response compatibility |
|
Definition
| consistency between stimulus and response; intuitive design of the stimulus response set up: when the left light turns on, you press the left button. When the right light turns on, you press the right button. |
|
|
Term
| in what type of situation is it safe and necessary for stimulus-response to be compatible? |
|
Definition
| inside a cockpit so you don’t have to think so much about what each choice will be |
|
|
Term
| what is the third stage of information processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in response programming |
|
Definition
| the program of action is retrieved form m memory and prepared for activation; relevant portions of the motor system are readied for the program |
|
|
Term
| what does it take to get a consistent, programmed response to a stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors affect the duration of response programming? |
|
Definition
| movement complexity, movement duration, response-response compatibility |
|
|
Term
| what is response-response compatibility |
|
Definition
| the ease with which 2 responses can be performed following a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| will it take longer to do the response programming phase if your response is more complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are younger or older adults more sensitive to changes in movement complexity? |
|
Definition
| older adults are more sensitive to changes in movement complexity |
|
|
Term
| is the RR compatibility for unilateral or bilateral movements |
|
Definition
| unilateral movements have greater RR compatibility than bilateral movements |
|
|
Term
| why do bilateral responses have a longer reaction time? |
|
Definition
| they are more difficult to program |
|
|
Term
| what type of reaction time design should you use if you want to measure stimulus ID and why? |
|
Definition
| simple reaction time paradigm: reduce issues that could occur with response selection and appropriate motor response |
|
|
Term
| what type of reaction time design should you use if you want to measure response selection and why? |
|
Definition
| choice reaction time: choice reaction time is directly related to the # of choices (and to compatibility) |
|
|
Term
| what type of reaction time design should you use if you want to measure the duration of the response programming stage? |
|
Definition
| single reaction time: you want to see the simple reaction time for a certain task |
|
|
Term
| what things can you change to see how reaction time is influenced by the stimulus ID stage? |
|
Definition
| clarity of the stimulus and intensity of the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| what things can you change to see how reaction time is influenced by the response selection stage? |
|
Definition
| number of choices, compatibility of choices |
|
|
Term
| what things can you change to determine the influence of the response programming stage? |
|
Definition
| duration and complexity of tasks |
|
|
Term
| how does the duration of the response affect reaction time |
|
Definition
| the longer the movement time, the longer the reaction time before initiating the movement |
|
|
Term
| why do longer duration, more complex movements have longer reaction time? |
|
Definition
| it takes longer for you to program the movement |
|
|
Term
| what is the basis of the theory that open skill athletes may have better inhibitory control than closed skill athletes? |
|
Definition
| open skill athletes have more open environments that may require faster reaction times |
|
|
Term
| what is declarative memory |
|
Definition
| things you know, things you can describe |
|
|
Term
| what is procedural learning |
|
Definition
| motor responses that you learn through practice |
|
|
Term
| how is BMI related to inhibitory control |
|
Definition
| BMI is negatively associated with inhibitory control |
|
|
Term
| if you are making a study to assess inhibitory control, what might you want to do to prevent confounding from BMI? |
|
Definition
| be sure everyone has about the same BMI |
|
|
Term
| if your first stimulus is to move and your second signal is to stop moving, what can happen if the stop signal is presented too late? |
|
Definition
| you might already be moving before you can stop following the stop signal |
|
|
Term
| how can the stages of processing be applied to older adult fallers |
|
Definition
| we can help an older adult learn how to recognize situations that put them at risk for falling so that they can more readily identify the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| how is visual information processing a winter-take-all perceptual strategy? |
|
Definition
| only part of an image can be selected as the focus of attention; the rest becomes part of the background |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a creative construction based on assumptions the brain makes in interpreting visual data |
|
|
Term
| what happens when we see a visual illusion that has a background/foreground image? |
|
Definition
| we have a tendency to pick one image to focus on. We can make ourselves see the other, but after awhile we revert back to the one that is more comfortable. |
|
|
Term
| what is preattentive process |
|
Definition
| initial viewing of something |
|
|
Term
| what does it take to look at individual features of an image and judge them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we perceive objects? |
|
Definition
| we repeatedly scan areas of the object, the image is projected onto the retina |
|
|
Term
| how do we perceive motion? |
|
Definition
| motion is experienced as a sequence of visual sensations, each due to a different position on the retina: this is why it looks like the reindeer are flying when the lights move from one position to another |
|
|
Term
| what is the point of pupillary reflexes? |
|
Definition
| getting the right amount of light to see things |
|
|
Term
| what is an automatic response? |
|
Definition
| something that draws our attention to visual things in the environment, like when you see something move and you turn to look at it |
|
|
Term
| what is the focus of the dorsal stream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the ventral stream |
|
Definition
| visual identification of objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulling information from both eyes to create a 3d representation of the environment |
|
|
Term
| in what Brodmann's area can we identify whether an object is still or moving? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what Brodmann's areas can we determine things like whether to catch a ball with 1 or 2 hands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what brodmann's areas can we determine how to prepare for movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after information about moving visual objects is processed in the occipital cortex, where does it go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to information sent to the parietal cortex from the occipital cortex that tells us about moving objects? |
|
Definition
| it us used to prepare us for movement |
|
|
Term
| what is the stream that carries information about moving objects from the occipital cortex to the parietal cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway of the ventral stream? |
|
Definition
| occipital cortex to temporal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what are blobs and interblobs? |
|
Definition
| cells in the occipital cortex that respond to different visual characteristics |
|
|
Term
| once information about visual characteristics moves from occipital cortex to temporal cortex, what can we do with it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the names of some impairments of the ventral stream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do cells from the middle temporal area project for control of pursuit eye movements? |
|
Definition
| pontine nuclei and cerebellar flocculus |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you have bilateral damage to the middle temporal lobe? |
|
Definition
| you can have loss of movement perception = movement agnosia |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean if you have movement agnosia |
|
Definition
| you can't distinguish between stationary and moving objects |
|
|
Term
| in what part of the brain do we recognize faces and the complex forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can a person with prosopagnosia identify the parts of a face? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can a person with prosopagnosia identify emotions expressed on the face? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can a person with prosopagnosia identify a person from the sight of their face? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parallel pathways for visual processing? |
|
Definition
| dorsal stream, ventral stream |
|
|
Term
| what stream tells us "where it is" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stream tells us "what it is" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway of the dorsal stream? |
|
Definition
| from occipital lobe then along dorsal surface of cortex into posterior parietal lobe and then forward into motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| what stream is tested when a patient is asked to identify whether 2 drawings are the same shape, color size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stream is tested when a patient is asked whether a puzzle piece would fit into an open space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stream is tested when a subject is asked which of 2 objects is more like another? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stream is tested when a patient is asked which of 2 dogts is closer to a central dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which stream is being tested when a patient is asked whether 2 dots were on the same or different curved lines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which stream is being tested when a patient is asked if a dot on a pentagon is in the same location after rotation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which stream is tested when a patient is asked whether 2 buildings in top view are the same as buildings in side view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which stream tests spatial relationships and movement direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is it normal to have more strength in one stream compared to the other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is factor analysis used for |
|
Definition
| a way to describe interrelationships of lots of different things that you're measuring |
|
|
Term
| in factor analysis, what suggests a pattern in the data? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is short term sensory store |
|
Definition
| information that you perceive and then forget about |
|
|
Term
| what memory do you use when you're just walking to class and looking around |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what memory do you use when you are told something you need to remember |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| learning in class is an example of what kind of memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you further develop short term memory/working memory |
|
Definition
| go back and review/practice it |
|
|
Term
| what is the initial type of memory for all environmental sensory inputs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much information can short term sensory store hold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can the short term sensory store hold information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is short term sensory store literal or abstract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much information can short term memory hold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we hold the 7 items of short term memory? |
|
Definition
| chunking them into multiple groups |
|
|
Term
| is short term memory literal or abstract |
|
Definition
| abstract: conscious awareness |
|
|
Term
| can someone with impaired long-term memory still have short term memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is short term memory sometimes called? |
|
Definition
| working memory (they are a little different) |
|
|
Term
| does short term memory require attention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you need to do to make something into short term memory? |
|
Definition
| you have to use a strategy; you have to use attention |
|
|
Term
| how much information can long term memory hold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can long term memory hold information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is long term memory abstract or literal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you have to do to put something in long term memory? |
|
Definition
| practice and connect it to other things I already know |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for declarative memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a declarative memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of declarative memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for events you've experienced |
|
|
Term
| the YouTube of your life is what kind of memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of awareness is needed for episodic memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| your own personal history is what kind of memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| knowing who the first president of the US was is what kind of memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what parts of the brain are associated with episodic memory |
|
Definition
| hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, limbic system |
|
|
Term
| knowing how a fork differs from a spoon is what kind of memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the limbic system associated with episodic memory |
|
Definition
| emotions are often involved in episodic memories |
|
|
Term
| when you tell someone what you had for dinner last night, what kind of memory are you using |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain is associated with semantic memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are disorders that disrupt episodic memory |
|
Definition
| dementia, concussion, TBI, seizure, ischemia, encephalitis, medications, B12 deficiency, MS |
|
|
Term
| what are some disorders that disrupt semantic memory |
|
Definition
| dementia, encephalitis, concussion, TBI |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for nondeclarative memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for nondeclarative and implicit memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory related to skills and habits |
|
|
Term
| how does a learner learn in implicit learning |
|
Definition
| by performing the task without awareness of what is being learned |
|
|
Term
| is attention needed for implicit learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is needed to acquire nondeclarative/implicit/procedural memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of memory is more flexible: implicit or explicit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean that implicit memory is inflexible |
|
Definition
| implicit memory is bound to the learning situation. For example, diving is very specific and can't be transferred to other situations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the increased ability to identify or detect a stimulus as a result of its recent presentation |
|
|
Term
| how do we know that people with amnesia can exhibit intact priming effects? |
|
Definition
| subjects are able to learn a repeating sequence of key presses even when they have no declarative knowledge of it |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the brain are associated with implicit/procedural/nondeclarative memory? |
|
Definition
| basal ganglia, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| the way really skilled athletes do things the way it feels is an example of what type of memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result of HM's hippocampal lobe resections? |
|
Definition
| declarative memory deficits |
|
|
Term
| can implicit memory improve despite explicit memory impairments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are disorders that disrupt procedural/implicit/nondeclarative memory |
|
Definition
| Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, depression, ocd, olivpontocerebellar degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy |
|
|
Term
| what is a more accurate term for working memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is engagement to something you need to learn and paying attention to it to figure out what you need to do with it |
|
|
Term
| is working memory explicit or implicit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain is associated with working memory |
|
Definition
| prefrontal cortex structure |
|
|
Term
| what disorders disrupt working memory |
|
Definition
| normal aging, dementias, multiple sclerosis, TBI, ADHD, medications, OCD, schizophrenia, PD, Huntington's, progressive supranuclear palsy, cardiopulmonary bypass, B12 deficiency |
|
|
Term
| do you normally learn with just one type of memory for motor tasks: explicit or implicit? |
|
Definition
| no, you use both to master a motor task |
|
|
Term
| what type of memory utilizes coding/chunking? |
|
Definition
| short term memory/working memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to focus on a task and select pertinent information for further processing |
|
|
Term
| does attention take effort and engagement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain is involved in working memory and attention? |
|
Definition
| prefrontal cortex structure |
|
|
Term
| how are other parts of the brain engaged to maintain attention on a task? |
|
Definition
| dopaminergic system from prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the graphical relationship of arousal and performance? |
|
Definition
| as arousal increases, performance increases until a certain point. When arousal becomes too high, performance decreases. Looks like an inverted U |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for sustained attention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is selective attention |
|
Definition
| inhibiting attention to other things (ignoring other things) |
|
|
Term
| what is divided attention |
|
Definition
| thinking about 2 things at once |
|
|
Term
| what is alternating attention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is focused attention |
|
Definition
| concentrated attention on one thing |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of processing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is automatic processing fast or slow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is automatic processing attention demanding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is automatic processing parallel or serial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is automatic processing volitional? |
|
Definition
| no, it is often unavoidable |
|
|
Term
| is controlled processing fast or slow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is controlled processing attention demanding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is controlled processing serial or parallel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is controlled processing volitional? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if someone bangs on a desk, will that lead to automatic or controlled processing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is selective attention conscious or unconscious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what determines selective attention |
|
Definition
| past experience of the performer; skill being performed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic of inputs conflicts with the goal of the task |
|
|
Term
| what is the stroop effect |
|
Definition
| an example of interference: we naturally draw to one aspect of the stimulus, but the goal is to attend to another aspect |
|
|
Term
| what kind of attention is necessary to overcome interference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of congruency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of incongruency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can we measure attention directly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can we measure attention |
|
Definition
| using a dual task measure |
|
|
Term
| how do we use dual task to measure attention |
|
Definition
| have the person do each task separately, then together. |
|
|
Term
| what are the outcome measures of a dual task paradigm |
|
Definition
| performance of the individual tasks compared to the combined task |
|
|
Term
| what is the theory of the dual task paradigm |
|
Definition
| more complex combinations of actions will require more attentional resources |
|
|
Term
| what is multi-task assessment |
|
Definition
| processing and performance of 2 or more tasks simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| what kind of attention is necessary for multi task assessment |
|
Definition
| modulation and alternating attention |
|
|
