Term
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Definition
| how people perceive, attend (to) learn, remember, and think about info |
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Term
| cognitive is the scientific study of |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an example of a conscious process we use to interact w/ our environment |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an unconscious process we use to interact w/ our environment |
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Definition
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Term
| what were 2 things ancient greeks were interested in |
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Definition
1. things of this world 2. mechanistic assumptions to explain phenomena |
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Term
| what is things of this world (something greeks were interested in) opposed to |
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Definition
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Term
| were the ancient greeks interested in the mind? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of thinker was plato |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reason is the source of all knowledge |
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Term
| when was rationalism a dominant view |
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Definition
| in dark and mid ages (400-1200 AD) |
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Definition
immaterial mind, immortal material body |
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Term
| do dualists have more respect for mind or body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what forms came from the mind, not the world? |
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Definition
| ideal forms (perfect square, circle) |
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Term
| plato's theory of knowledge |
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Definition
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Definition
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| where did plato think mind was |
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Definition
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| what type of thinker was aristotle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| observation and experience is source of all knowledge |
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Term
| aristotle's theory of knowledge |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where does aristotle think mind is? |
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Definition
| heart, always in motion, most vulnerable |
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Term
| is empiricist or rationalist more consistant w/ science today? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of thinker was sir francis bacon |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 thoughts rose in renaissance (1200-1600 AD) |
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Definition
humanism (human nature, things of this world) rise in empiricism |
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Term
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Definition
copernicus- heliocentric galileo kepler harvey |
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Term
| who was the first to apply empir methods to topic of mind |
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Definition
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Term
| what is contiguity and who believed in it? |
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Definition
objects occur together are associated locke |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what makes visual perception hard? |
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Definition
pattern of light that falls on your eye is consistent w/ many diff scenes out in the world |
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Term
| how does the vis system resolve ambiguities? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is one assump of the vis system? |
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Definition
| objects are unlikely to be oriented at improbable angles |
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Term
what are the 2 goals of vision |
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Definition
1. identify objects 2. help us navigate the world |
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Term
| what is the chief prob of the visual system |
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Definition
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Term
| what is inverse projection prob |
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Definition
| way light from the world falls on retina (world outside is 3 diminsional, our image is 2-dimension and an infinite number of scenes are consistent w/ this) |
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Term
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Definition
| amt of light the eye receives |
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Term
| 3 factors that contrib to luminance |
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Definition
| amt of illumination (100 watt bulb, sun), reflectance of the object (white, black, gray), whether object is in shadow |
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Term
| everything you know about objects in the world comes from |
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Definition
| image the object projects onto the retina |
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Term
| the main, indeterminate things that make vis perception difficult |
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Definition
| shape and orientation indeterminacy/ light source, reflectance, and shadow ind, and size and distance indeter |
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Term
| are assumptions made by exec part of vis system, or built into the way its engineered |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| suggestion that among the many ways of interpreting an ambiguous visual stimulus, the vis system will interpret it as the stim most likely to occur in the world |
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Term
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Definition
| position or orientation of motion of object is always defined relative to something else. |
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Term
common frame of reference in perceptual system indep of viewer's position? |
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Definition
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Term
| what plays big role in shape disambiguation and perception of orientation? |
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Definition
| frame of reference and likelihood |
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Term
vis system's assumptions about light |
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Definition
1. surfaces are uniformly colored 2. gradual changes in brightness could be caused by shadows 3. light comes from above object (usually sun) |
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Term
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Definition
| dependence of perceived surface lightness on ratios of lightness of areas that are next to one another and in the same place |
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Term
| 2 important cues to shadows |
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Definition
| fuzzy borders and movement (if shadow moves in association w/ object) |
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Term
| 3 cues to depth/distance based on properties of vis. system |
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Definition
accommodation convergence stereopsis |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on sensing how much the lens of the eye has changed shape in order to focus the image on the retina/ shape change varies w/ distance of the object |
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Term
| when is the accommodation cue most important? |
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Definition
| close ranges (less than 1 m or so) |
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Term
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Definition
| as an object gets closer, your eyes "cross" increasingly more to gaze at it. you point your eyes at an object so the light reflecting from it falls on the fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| center of the retina, most accurate at seeing small details |
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Term
| when is convergence most useful |
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Definition
| when objects are fairly close, (less than 20 ft) |
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Term
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Definition
| eyes get slightly diff views of object |
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Term
| different view of left and right eye |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
familiar size pictoral cues |
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Term
| what is familiar size, and example |
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Definition
| experience, we assume car is normal size even if far away and appears small |
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Term
| which is more reliable, familiar size or stereopsis? |
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Definition
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Term
| familiar size influences the perception of: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| things lower in visual field are closer |
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Term
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Definition
| cues to distance, can be used in pictures |
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Term
| what are some pictoral cues |
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Definition
occlusion texture gradient linear perspective relative height atmospheric perspective |
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Term
| 2 classes of answers to determine true size and distance of object? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| object in front of another will partly overlap it |
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Term
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Definition
| we can make out more detail when things are nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| lines that are parallel in 3-dimensional space converge in 2-dimen space if you extend them far enough (although they will still look parallel if theyre short) |
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Term
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Definition
| objects in distance look indistinct and often have hazy, bluish appearance |
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Term
| knowing distance helps us decide on |
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Definition
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Term
what did bill epstein do? (1965) |
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Definition
show importance and limits of familiar size as cue to distance (made diff coins same size) view monocularly and binocularly |
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Term
| what did stephen palmer do (1975) |
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Definition
| presented participants w/ complex scenes and had to identify contextually appropriate object |
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Term
| what did palmer call a situation in which, for some ambiguous figures, it seems impossible to identify the figure w/o knowing its parts, but its parts cannot be identified unless one knows the figure |
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Definition
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Term
| resolution to parsing paradox? |
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Definition
| we do both top-down and bottom-up processing simultaneously and each helps the other |
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Term
| two points of view on prob of vision |
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Definition
top-down processing ecological approach |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that info in the enviro is impoverished- all the retina has to work with is a series of lines and retina must do lots of compuing to recover 3-dimen shapes and movements in enviro |
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Term
| founder of ecological approach |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enviro contains variety of cues that specify what is out in the world (it isnt composed of lines) |
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Term
| 2 sorts of information sources from ecological approach |
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Definition
object size (eyeheight of the observer) distance for navigation (if you run in a direction that makes the ball appear to travel in a straight line, you will go directly to the spot where the ball will land |
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Term
| who did an experiment on eyeheight? |
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Definition
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Term
| we combine attributes in the vis field to achieve one of 2 goals: |
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Definition
identity of objects around us locations of objects around us |
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Term
| what is the most obvious characteristic we use to identify objects? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of theory is template theory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| we recognize an object by comparing its retinal image to a rep of the object in memory |
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Term
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Definition
if something is seen from a diff direction |
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Term
| what DOES use template matching? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of theory is feature matching theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| feature-matching theories |
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Definition
| proposes memory rep of objects features |
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Term
| feature matching advantages over template theories |
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Definition
| letters can still be recognized even after diff transformations |
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Term
| probs w/ feature matching |
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Definition
cant break down many environmental things into features cant recognize rotated letters |
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Term
| object centered answer to viewer centered |
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Definition
| features of object are relative to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| obj recog is supported by 36 simple shapes that look like bricks, cylinders, and so on, complex obj can be built from them |
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Term
| biedermans contention about line intersections |
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Definition
| they are crucial for correctly interpreting geometric solids |
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Term
| what are geons, according to biederman |
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Definition
| building blocks of vis object identification |
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Term
| what can biederman model not account for/ |
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Definition
| some common objects like shoes w/o parts that look like any geon |
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Term
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Definition
| we store multiple viewer-centered reps of objects (about 40) and then apply some transformations |
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Term
| waht do the diff types of theories say about seeing the same object from diff views |
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Definition
viewer-centered- the brain activiation will drop object- it will not |
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Term
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Definition
| selective deficit in recog faces |
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Term
| where is activation for face recog? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is fusiform gyrus located? |
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Definition
| ventral part of temporal lobe |
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Term
3 possibilities for perceptual reps |
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Definition
localized representation (faces in 1 part of brain) localized processing (visual expertise in one part of brain) distributed rep (localized peaks of activation for faces, but contrib from large areas of cortex) |
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Term
| what are 2 vis pathways in brain |
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Definition
identifies objects determines the location of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| object identification test |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
damage to the border of the temporal and occipital lobes have difficulty recognizing objects using vision but can do so using other senses |
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Term
| which system suports perception for movment |
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Definition
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Term
| which system supports object recognition and conscious perception |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| damage to superior parietal cortex (dorsal sys) |
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Term
2 properties of attention |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 attention assumptions w/o evidence |
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Definition
attention can be distrib to more than 1 task at a time, in parallel performance of particular task requires particular amt attention consistent across situations |
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Term
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Definition
| participant must perform 2 tasks at once (continuous rather than discrete) |
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Term
| 2 assumptions w/ evidence about attention |
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Definition
a person can allocate attention to each task in the proportions that he/she desires with sufficient practice, a task will come to demand fewer attentional resources |
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Term
| response to stim interval |
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Definition
| the period of time after the participant has responded but before the next stimulus appears |
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Term
| can people divide attention b/t 2 tasks |
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Definition
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Term
| can we say that a task demands a particular amt. of attention independent of other tasks? |
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Definition
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Term
| multiple research approach to attention |
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Definition
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Term
| an auditory task will tend to interfere more with an auditory task or a visual task? |
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Definition
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Term
| chief criticism of multiple resource theory |
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Definition
| its not clear how much of these attentional pools are supposed to exist or how they are related to tasks |
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Term
| 2 properties of attention |
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Definition
we can allocate attention to different tasks as we see fit attentional demands shrink as we practice a task |
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Term
| how did David Somers (2004) decide that people can divide the attentional beam? |
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Definition
| participants were as successful w/ the stimuli separated as they were with them adjacent |
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Term
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Definition
| taking no or few attentional resources and happening w/o intention |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of automaticity |
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Definition
requires little or no attention happens w/o intention |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what is the key condition for automaticity to dvlp |
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Definition
consistency in the task, esp in responses required for stimuli. ex. shiffrin and schneider- a particular letter ALWAYS target other ALWAYS distractor |
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Term
| describe theory that there are multiple pools of attention |
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Definition
| multiple resource theory claims this, perhaps divided by modality (one pool for vision, audition, etc) this idea is difficult to prove. |
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Term
| 2 categories of early filter theories and late filter theories (aka where the filter operates in the processing stream) |
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Definition
early filter (right after sensory characteristics are processed)- all stimuli are processed so their sensory characteristics are determined before they hit the filter late filter- stimuli processed to determine physical and semantic characteristics before stimuli hit filter |
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Term
| what characteristics of a stimulus are processed first? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| listen to materials on headphones w/ diff material on each ear and shadow (repeat) message aloud |
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Term
| what happens in primary memory? |
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Definition
| awareness, meaning is assigned to stimuli |
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Term
| which is correct, early or late filter theories? |
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Definition
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Term
| what effect does attention have on sensory cortical processing |
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Definition
processing increases, either due to a boost from attention or because attention inhibits cortical processing of other stimuli that might compete |
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Term
| galvanic skin response (GSR) |
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Definition
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Term
| both shadowing performance and performance on the 2ndary task are worse when |
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Definition
| one is told to process words at semantic level as they performa secondary task b/c there is higher attentional cost to doing so relative to processing only at phys level |
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Term
| does attention select objects or spatial locations |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 predictions of beam metaphor might not be true |
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Definition
amt of time require to shift attention from one location to another should be proportional to distance attention must travel experiments conducted that directly compared whether attention was directed to spatial locations or to objects, and objects won. |
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Term
| when experimenters varid distance b/t T and L, results showed that |
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Definition
| attention moves ballistically from one location to another and doesnt sweep along in space as a beam would (judgement did not vary as distance b/t letters changed) |
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Term
| if 2 objects are in overlapping spatial locations |
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Definition
| participants find it easy to attend to just one object of 2 |
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Term
| participants are reliably slower in making judgement (30 ms) when instruction led them to compare angles of |
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Definition
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Term
| parts of brain that respond to faces |
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Definition
fusiform place area (on the ventral aspect of temporal lobe) |
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Term
parts of brain that respond to places |
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Definition
| parahippocampal place area (ventral aspect of temporal lobe, but diff from fusiform face area) |
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Term
| place in brain where motion is detected |
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Definition
| area MT (mid of temporal lobe) |
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Term
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Definition
| target differs from distractors on just one feature |
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Term
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Definition
| more than 1 feature differentiates the target from the distractors |
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Term
| disjunctive searches are parallel or serial? |
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Definition
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Term
| conjunctive searches are parallel or serial? |
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Definition
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Term
| increasing number of elements in array affects reaction time to find target in disjunctive or conjunctive search |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which individ features (color, shape, etc) are loaded; attention is not needed to know if one of these features is present in the enviro, and a search for a single feature can be conducted in parallel |
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Term
| a conjunctive search requires knowing more than one feature |
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Definition
| belongs to an individual object, which requires attention |
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Term
| 2 classes of reasons for attention failure |
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Definition
due to properties of attention itself the way attention interacts w/ other components of cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| if a signal appears more than 300 ms after the flicker, there is a cost to reponse time b/c attention cannot return to box |
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Term
| 2 processes by which you seek to control the contents of your mental events |
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Definition
operating process- seeks mental contents consistent w/ what you want to think about monitoring process- searches for mental contents that are inconsistent w/ what you want to think about |
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Term
| key assumption of operating, monitoring process |
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Definition
| operating process demands attentional resources, but monitoring process does not. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to maintain attention, usually in a search task to detect a target or smlal set of targets |
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Term
| most important visual scanning task |
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Definition
| ones in which target is rarely observed |
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Term
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Definition
| participants spend less time searching than when they are frequent |
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Term
3 ways in which design of attention system causes probs in selection |
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Definition
1. bias not to return to recently attended object 2. attention will perversely select undesired object when resources are scarce 3. ability to select same type of stimuli repeatedly seems to dissipate after about half an hour |
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Term
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Definition
| posits that interference between 2 tasks is caused by competition for mental structures, not for attentional resources |
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Term
| if 2 tasks require the same perceptual modality |
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Definition
| there will be more interference than if they use diff modalities |
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Term
| 3 basic processes for performing any task |
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Definition
perception (seeing the light), response selection (choosing response of pushing the button), and response production (generating the muscle commands that move your finger) CANNOT SELECT TWO OF THESE ACTIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY |
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Term
psychological refractory period |
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Definition
| period of time after 1 response is selected during which a second response cannot be selected |
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Term
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Definition
| response for stim 2 cannot be started until response selection for stim 1 is complete |
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Term
| according to selection bottleneck, as the interval b/t 1st and 2nd stimulus increases, response time to second stimulus gets |
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Definition
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Term
| source of the refractory effect |
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Definition
| response selection for stim 2 cannot begin until the response selection for stim 1 is completed |
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Term
| the attentional blink paradigm uses a procedure called |
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Definition
| (RSVP): rapid serial visual presentation- participants watch a series of stimuli that appear briefly one at a time on computer screen and to name the 2 letters |
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Term
| attentional blink refers to fact that |
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Definition
| observers have trouble identifying the second target if it appears b/t 100 and 600 ms after 1st target |
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Term
| attentional blink occurs with |
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Definition
| words, orientation, color, and dot patterns |
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Term
| will brain areas be active when stim is not perceived b/c of attentional blink? |
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Definition
| yes, though not as much as when participant is aware of the stim (though parts of the lateral frontal corex were active only when the stim was consciously perceived) |
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Term
| what properties of attention can cause selection failures |
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Definition
inhibition of return- harder to select recently selected object for attention ironic processes of mental control- make you select something for attention that you dont want attending to certain types of stim for more than 30 min leads to decreased sensitivity in detecting important features of stim |
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Term
| sources of apparant attention limitations due to components of the cogn system |
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Definition
| psychological refractory period and attentional blink are structural effects- due to competition for cognitive structures other than attention |
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Term
| if you cant stop thinking about something, you are advised to |
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Definition
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Term
| apply terminology from signal detection theory to car alarms |
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Definition
| ineffective b/c they go off all the time |
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Term
| what to do to make people who screen carry-on baggage at airports more accurate |
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Definition
| short shifts b/c vigilance declines rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| first, info must go from secondary to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hypothetical buffer in which info can be briefly held and manipulated, where processes operate on representations from memory |
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Term
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Definition
| retrieves info from secondary mem and takes in info from the enviro |
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Term
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Definition
| buffer that material perceived in the enviro goes through before ever getting to primary memory |
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Term
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Definition
| how much info can get into consciousness at once |
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Term
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Definition
| used by logician Jevons in his glance at beans experiment, usus a shutter like that of a camera to allow participant to see stimulus for precise amt of time |
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Term
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Definition
| dvlped by sperlingn to examine iconic memory, it's a procedure whereby participants are shown stimuli briefly then given cue telling them which subset of stimuli to report... showed participants perceive most stimuli in complex array |
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Term
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Definition
| visual variety of sensory memory |
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Term
| when prefields and postfields are dark, what happens to iconic mem? |
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Definition
| bigger capacity and also lasts much longer (2 s as opposed to .5 s w/ bright fields) |
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Term
| how much can iconic mem hold at briefest delay w/ dark fields |
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Definition
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Term
| cause of loss of info from iconic mem |
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Definition
| spontaneous decay (begins when stimulus FIRST APPEARS) |
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Term
second way, beside spontaneous decay, in which info can be lost from iconic mem |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
present random vis stimuli that replace material currently in iconic mem |
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Term
| partial report effect yielded when |
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Definition
| phys location of stim (top, mid, bottom row) is cueing characteristic |
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Term
| partial report effect not found when |
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Definition
| info about stim category was used (report only the letters, not the digits) |
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Term
| semantic info is partially available in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| auditory version of iconic mem |
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Term
| if delay b/t target tone and masking tone is long, participants have higher or lower avgs than if delay is shorter |
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Definition
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Term
| advantage of partial report procedure |
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Definition
| unlike whole report procedure, does not underestimate span of apprehension b/c participants forget some stimulie apprehended, even as they are reporting others |
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Term
| which is shorter lived, iconic or echoic mem? |
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Definition
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Term
| are retinal afterimages the same as iconic mem? |
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Definition
| no, diff colors, also move with your eyes unlike iconic mem |
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