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| The muse of Dante Aligheri, who he fell in love with at the age of eight and who lived in Florence in the mid to late 13th century. She was Dante's guide in The Divine Comedy who led him through heaven to meet God. |
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| A place of temporary punishment where people would go to have their sins beaten out of them so they could enter heaven purified. Family members could buy indulgences for the deceased person to lessen their suffering in heaven. |
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| Descibes a mortal's vision of God. Despite a large number of people claming to have had a beatific vision, the church maintained that mortals could not see God (except for saints on their deathbeds). |
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| A thirteenth-century rebellion in Sicily where the Sicilians conspired with the pope to overthrow the French king Charles I. |
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| Elected pope in the late 13th century. Resigned as pope and was later imprisoned. |
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| Pope in the late 13th and early 14th century whose famous feuds with Dante Aligheri led to his depiction in hell in the Divine Comedy. Died humiliated after being beaten and was posthumously put on trial. |
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| Bull issued by Boniface VIII. Forbade taxation of clergy without papal consent. |
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| King of France and Navarre in the 13th and 14th centuries. Seized all the assets of the Knights Templar and had them tried as heretics. |
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| Battle in the early 14th century between French nobles and peasants. The peasants massacred French nobles and put their golden spurs on display. |
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| Statement by Boniface VIII of papal supremacy, claiming that the Catholic church was necessary for salvation. |
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| Grandmaster of the Knights Templar who was burned at the stake for heresy in the 14th century. |
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| Law used by the Franks from the 600's. Became a source of conflict in the 14th century due to the law forbidding female succession to the throne when King John I died with no male heir. |
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| The She-wolf of France; name given to Isabella of France, who tried to put her lover on the throne of England after having her husband, Edward II of England, killed. |
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| Believed to have caused the Black Death, a plague that wiped out around an entire third of Europe in the 14th century, indiscriminately killing rich and poor alike. It led to further persecution of the Jews, widespread mayhem, and the rise of the middle class. |
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| Act by the church meant to supress the teaching of heretical ideas in universities, especially Latin Averroism. |
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| English Franciscan friar in the late 13th century who advocated an early version of the scientific method and was influenced by Latin Averroism. Was later placed under house arrest by the church. |
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| Center of the papacy in the 14th century when the pope moved from Rome to Avignon. The French papacy caused an uproar that eventually led to a schism and the ultimate return of the papacy to Rome. |
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| Pope in the early fourteenth century. When he opposed Louis IV of Bavaria, Louis set up an antipope. |
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| Created an antipope in Nicholas V when John XXII refused to allow him to become emperor. |
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| Refers to the people of Pisa obeying the antipope who was ruling there in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. |
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| Fifteenth-century antipope who agreed to resign in order to end the three-way schism, but fled the council and was later captured and imprisoned. |
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| 14th-century emperor who moved the center of power to the city of Prague and created conditions that led to the rise of Czech influence. |
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| Fourteenth-century English theologian who advocated for vernacular Bibles and secular control of the church. Declared a heretic. |
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| Czech priest in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries who was burned at the stake for heresy and inspired the later Protestant reformation. |
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| Followers of Wycliffe who believed that secular rulers should control the church and disliked papal authority. |
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| Law passed in England in 1401 forbidding the use of vernacular Bibles, linking vernacular Bibles with heresy. |
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| An incident in Prague in 1419 where radical Hussites killed members of the city council by throwing them out windows. |
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| Fifteenth century emperor who helped end the schism with the Council of Constanz, but saw the Hussite rebellion occur soon after in his territories. |
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| Council of Ferrara-Florence |
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| Fifteenth-century pope who was a driving force against the Turkish influence in Europe. |
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| Site of a battle during the Hundred Year's war where Henry V's success led to his marriage to the French king's daughter, and his son was made heir to the throne of France. |
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| Agreement that Henry V of England would inherit the throne of France upon the French king's death. |
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| Supporters of the Lancaster family in fourteenth-century England who fought the Yorkists in the war of the roses. |
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| A semi-autonomous duchy in France that slowly became more and more independent. During parts of the 100 Years War, it was allied with England. |
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| Supporters of the York family in fourteenth-century England who fought the Lancastrians in the War of the Roses. |
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| Order of the Golden Fleece was a chivalric order founded in 15th-century France. |
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| Fifteenth-century Duke of Burgundy whose descendents became very powerful. |
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| Austria est Imperare orbem Ubique or Austria will rule the world. The motto of Austria from a time that they were not a rich country. Austria would eventually gain control of a huge number of European territories, largely through marriage. |
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| Holy Roman Emperor in the early 16h century due to the Hapsburg's family slow ascent to the top of European nobility. |
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| A basilica that once stood in Rome. It was destroyed in the 16th century and replaced with the current basilica. The pope employed Italian artists to make it a thing of beauty. |
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| Fifteenth-century pope from the Borgia family. A man of loose morals who acknowledged his illegit children and weakened the moral image of the papacy due to his scandalous life. |
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| A way to buy a soul less time in purgatory; increasingly used by the church in the Renaissance for easy money. This became a source of debate and was one of the factors that led to the Protestant Reformation. |
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