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Medieval and Early Modern Civilizations Final Exam
Questions from weekly quizzes and discussion day clicker questions.
126
History
Undergraduate 3
12/16/2012
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Term
The largest empire of all time was created by the
 Definition
Mongols
Term
The Mongols brought about greater integration among Eurasian peoples by many means but not by
 Definition
a common state religion.
Term
Marco Polo spent almost twenty years at the court of
 Definition
Khubilai Khan
Term
Karakorum was
 Definition
the central Asian capital of the Mongols.
Term
Nomadic peoples’ military might was based on their
 Definition
cavalry forces.
Term
The invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries
 Definition
the rise of a centralized imperial state that ran from China to Persia.
Term
In 1279, Khubilai Khan proclaimed the
 Definition
Yuan Dynasty
Term
Chinggis Khan
 Definition
did not establish a centralized government in the lands he conquered.
Term
In the tenth century, the Turks living near the Abbasid empire began to convert to
 Definition
Islam
Term
Russia was dominated from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries by the
 Definition
Golden Horde
Term
In an effort to recruit learned students, Islamic leaders often financially supported institutions of higher learning called
 Definition
madrasas
Term
The Quran
 Definition
is the holy book of Islam
Term
The Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca is known as the
 Definition
hajj
Term
After the assassination of Ali, power fell to the
 Definition
Umayyad Dynasty
Term
The main split inside Islam was between Sunni and
 Definition
Shia
Term
The center of culture and learning in the Muslim world, along with the capital of the Abbasid empire was
 Definition
Baghdad
Term
How did the conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia influence the role of women in the Islamic world?
 Definition
Islamic society became more patriarchal
Term
The term Islam means
 Definition
submission
Term
From which region did the Muslims adopt their numerals?
 Definition
India
Term
The main influence on the thought of Ibn Rushd was
 
Definition
Aristotle
Term
Ethiopian Christianity
 Definition
maintained both traditional African and Christian beliefs
Term
By the tenth century C.E., the kings of Ghana had converted to
 Definition
Islam
Term
By 1000, most parts of Africa south of the equator had been settled by people speaking what language?
 Definition
Bantu
Term
Ghana became the wealthiest kingdom in sub-Saharan Africa because of its
 Definition
control of the gold trade
Term
Since there was no concept of private ownership of land in sub-Saharan Africa,
 Definition
slave ownership formed an important aspect of determining personal wealth.
Term
The introduction of a new food crop about 400 C.E. encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa. What was the crop?
 Definition
Bananas
Term
In regard to political structure, the early Bantu societies
 Definition
governed themselves mostly through family and kinship groups
Term
Just as the kingdoms of west Africa depended on trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa depended on
 Definition
Indian Ocean trade
Term
In sub-Saharan Africa, an age grade was
 Definition
a publicly recognized group that performed tasks based on their strength and maturity 
Term
The legendary founder of the kingdom of Mali was
 Definition
Sundiata
Term
In 1279, the Song dynasty finally fell to the
 Definition
Mongols
Term
The most important new crop introduced into China during the Tang and Song periods was
 Definition
fast-ripening rice
Term
Foot binding is probably the best example of the
 Definition
increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society
Term
The cultural development of Heian Japan most reflects the culture of which country?
 Definition
China
Term
In the seventh century C.E., the Tang dynasty agreed to a political compromise with the Korean ________ dynasty
 Definition
Silla
Term
The Tang plan to avoid the concentration of land in the hands of the wealthy was called the
 Definition
equal-field system
Term
The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang was famous for
 Definition
traveling to India to collect Buddhist texts
Term
The Sui construction of which of these items would have important economic implications well into the twentieth century?
 Definition
Grand Canal
Term
The Japanese city of Nara was a copy of the Tang capital of
 Definition
Chang'an
Term
What was the title of the military governor who ruled in place of the Japanese emperor?
 Definition
shogun
Term
What is the main difference between ties of vassalage and ties of kinship?
 Definition
Ties of vassalage are less defined by blood
Term
Medieval Europe politics was deeply influenced by Roman ideas and institutions. Whose ideas and institutions most influenced medieval Japanese politics?
 Definition
China
Term
What was the main way that the powerful Fujiwara family influenced Japanese politics during the ninth to the eleventh centuries?
 Definition
They married their daughters into the imperial family
Term
From 794 until the nineteenth century, the Imperial capital of Japan was located in what city?
 Definition
Kyoto
Term
Japanese feudalism most closely represented European feudalism in which of the following European empires?
 Definition
Carolingian
Term
The samurai tradition of feudal Japan most closely resembled which of the following features of medieval Europe?
 Definition
The code of chivalry of European knights
Term
After 1192, leaders of the Kamakura bakufu assumed the post of
 Definition
shogun
Term
What was the primary occupation of a samurai?
 Definition
Warrior
Term
What was the function of Minamoto Yoritomo’s Kamakura bakufu
 Definition
to provide local order and security
Term
In Italy, the political structure was marked by
 Definition
a series of city-states and principalities
Term
The only crusade that recaptured Jerusalem was the
 Definition
first crusade
Term
The Hanseatic League was a trading network that operated in the
 Definition
North and Baltic seas
Term
In 1066, William of Normandy conquered
 Definition
England
Term
The phrase usually associated with the medieval social structure is
 Definition
"those who pray, those who fight, those who work"
Term
In 962 C.E., Pope John XII presented the imperial crown to
 Definition
Otto of Saxony
Term
In the high middle ages, the state that seemed to have the most potential to re-create centralized, imperial rule was
 Definition
Holy Roman Empire
Term
The revival of urban society was most pronounced in
 Definition
Italy
Term
The Catholic Church most influenced which of the following developments
 Definition
the emergence of universities
Term
Central to the philosophy of the high middle ages was the rediscovery of
 Definition
Aristotle
Term
The city considered to be the birthplace of the Renaissance is
 Definition
Florence
Term
During the late Middle Ages
 Definition
the population of Europe was seriously reduced by the Black Death
Term
The Renaissance has been controversial among historians because
 Definition
Renaissance intellectuals overstated their case, underestimating medieval interest in the classics
Term
During the Renaissance, the city of Florence
 Definition
was controlled by the Medici family, who were major patrons of the arts
Term
True or false. The papacy rejected the art and humanism of the Renaissance as too secular
 Definition
False
Term
True or False. In his famous book, The Prince, Machiavelli argued that princes must rely on strength of will rather than on traditional virtues such as charity and generosity to maintain their power
 Definition
True
Term
The core of Renaissance Humanism was
 Definition
the study of history, literature and philosophy
Term
True or false. The Renaissance republic of Venice was noted for its political and social turmoil
 Definition
False
Term
The Renaissance began in
 Definition
Italy
Term
Renaissance sculpture
 Definition
shows an exuberant praise of anatomical realism
Term
The figure who, more than anyone else, personified the “Renaissance man” was
 Definition
Leonardo da Vinci
Term
Renaissance painters
 Definition
developed the technique of linear perspective so that the viewer was drawn into the painting that he or she viewed.
Term
The economy of the Renaissance saw
 Definition
a very profitable banking business develop
Term
Which of the following statements about Renaissance families is NOT correct?
 Definition
Children were usually spoiled, especially in the wealthier families
Term
The principal Native American empires on the eve of European exploration were
 Definition
the Mexica and the Incas
Term
Which of the following best describes a shared aim of the voyages of exploration commanded by John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, and Henry Hudson?
 Definition
to discover a westward route to Asia
Term
In combination with other factors, one major reason for the great inflation of the sixteenth century was probably the
 Definition
great influx of silver from the New World
Term
The most flexible and sophisticated system of writing found in the ancient Americas was created by
 Definition
the Maya
Term
The first European country to undertake exploration was
 Definition
Portugal
Term
The Inca imposed order
 Definition
by taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes
Term
Teotihuacan was
 Definition
the largest early Mesoamerican city
Term
A major goal of European exploration was
 Definition
to establish a direct trade route with the sources for silks and spices, and bypass Islamic middlemen
Term
The major reason for the brutal Spanish treatment of natives in the New World was
 Definition
the need for labor to raise crops and extract precious metals from mines
Term
In which of the following ways did geographic factors have an important influence on the development of Inca civilization between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries C.E. (A.D.)?
 Definition
The mountains of western South America were an impediment to building an empire, prompting the development of sophisticated engineering technologies.
Term
The Council of Trent
 Definition
defined Catholic doctrine during the Reformation
Term
Luther’s Protestantism was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
 Definition
the establishment of a new religious hierarchy paralleling that of the Catholic Church
Term
True or false. The Reformation put an end to accusations of witchcraft
 Definition
False
Term
For Martin Luther the concept of “justification by faith” meant that
 Definition
Christians were saved through the grace of God and not through their own efforts
Term
Because of the Reformation,
 Definition
France had bitter religious wars between Catholics and Protestants
Term
Martin Luther denounced indulgences because
 Definition
his concept of “justification by faith” meant to him that indulgences were useless for Christian salvation
Term
Erasmus anticipated some of the ideas of the Reformation in his advocacy of
 Definition
biblical reading for all Christians
Term
The Thirty Years’ War began
 Definition
with a Protestant religious revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs in Bohemia
Term
True or false. The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of French Protestants was orchestrated by Henry of Navarre
 Definition
False
Term
The Protestant Reformation
 Definition
led peasants, already upset by inflation and escalating payments to landowners, to adopt strong protests couched in terms reflecting Lutheran ideas on scripture.
Term
It can be said of the reign of Louis XIV that
 Definition
it became the model of absolute monarchy
Term
Cardinal Richelieu
 Definition
strengthened royal authority by curbing the powers of the nobility
Term
The civil war in England
 Definition
resulted in a parliamentary victory over Charles I
Term
Cardinal Jules Mazarin
 Definition
successfully reasserted royal authority that had been badly shaken by the mid-seventeenth century rebellion known as the Fronde.
Term
True or False. The French philosophes wrote more plays, novels, and history than formal philosophy
 Definition
True
Term
“I think, therefore I am” was stated by
 Definition
Descartes
Term
The traditional view of the universe was
 Definition
based on Greek and Roman science and philosophical thought
Term
True or False. Galileo’s Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World was condemned by the censors but approved by the church
 Definition
False
Term
During the Enlightenment,
 Definition
science was popularized in numerous books written for general audiences.
Term
Thomas Paine’s statement “I believe in one God...I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church...” is an example of Enlightenment
 Definition
deism.
Term
True or False. The Encyclopedia had no trouble with government censors.
 Definition
False
Term
According to the textbook, the philosophes were best represented by
 Definition
Voltaire
Term
Which statement sums up well the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?
 Definition
By challenging the accepted scientific wisdom, the early scientists paved the way for broader Enlightenment critiques of religion, government, and society.
Term
Nicolaus Copernicus is best known as the
 Definition
first modern thinker to posit that the earth revolved around the sun
Term
Catherine the Great of Russia did all of the following. Which one was consistent with Enlightenment principles?
 Definition
She relaxed press censorship and confiscated church lands.
Term
The “agricultural revolution” of the eighteenth century refers to
 Definition
major changes that occurred in the way land was plowed and crops planted, leading to a major increase in food production.
Term
The Whigs and the Tories were
 Definition
rival English political factions, each striving to control Parliament.
Term
The urban middle class—the bourgeoisie—of the eighteenth century
 Definition
probably gained the most from the improved commerce, industry, and agriculture of the century
Term
The major geopolitical result of the Wars of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years’ War combined was that
 Definition
Prussia and Russia were confirmed as major European powers
Term
An important part of the new agricultural methods in Great Britain was
 Definition
the development of larger blocks of land by the enclosure process, and the loss of land by the smaller farmers.
Term
The reign of Louis XV of France
 Definition
was marked by numerous tax and revenue problems
Term
The major destination for the victims of the African slave trade was
 Definition
Brazil and the West Indies
Term
Eighteenth-century warfare
 Definition
was waged by professional armies whose organization reflected the centralized bureaucratic governments they served.
Term
The French Revolution inspired a major slave revolt in
 Definition
St. Dominique (Haiti)
Term
The Parisian fortress captured by the populace on July 14, 1789, was the
 Definition
Bastille
Term
The creoles of Latin America were influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment
 Definition
but only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions.
Term
In his military career, Napoleon invaded all of the following EXCEPT
 Definition
Britain
Term
The king of France at the beginning of the French Revolution was
 Definition
Louis XVI
Term
The French revolutionary regime that followed the overthrow of Robespierre was called the
 Definition
Directory
Term
The famous motto of the French Revolution was
 Definition
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Term
The goal of Simón Bolívar was to
 Definition
weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States.
Term
The French Revolution was in part precipitated by
 Definition
a major financial crisis that weakened monarchical government
Term
The immediate result of the major European war that broke out in 1792 was
 Definition
the occasion for the overthrow of the monarchy in August, 1792
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