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| cerebrum (largest part of the brain) |
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| cerebellum (little brain) |
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| spinal cord or bone marrow |
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| exaggerated fear or sensitivity |
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| three-dimensional or solid |
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| ventricle (belly or pouch) |
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| condition of abnormal impulse toward |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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| portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium |
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| largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves, known as cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie |
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| anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality |
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| portion posterior to the frontal lobe; responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch |
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| portion that lies below the frontal lobe; responsible for hearing, taste, and smell |
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| portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes;responsible for vision |
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| outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter; responsible for higher mental functions (cortex = bark) |
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| each of two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain; responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex |
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| convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres |
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| shallow grooves that separate gyri |
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| deep grooves in the brain |
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| portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles |
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| region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord; responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; the three levels are the mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata |
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| series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord |
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| column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae; responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body |
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| three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| nerves that branch from the central nervous system including nerves of the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves) |
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| 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain |
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| 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord |
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| nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain; also called afferent nerves (ad = toward; ferre = carry) |
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| nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves (e = out; ferre = carry) |
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
| nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands |
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| control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus (diencephalon) |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| division of the autonomic nervous system that is concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| division of the autonomic nervous system that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience |
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Definition
| impairment because of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of language, as demonstrated by an inability to use or comprehend words; occurs as a result of a stroke, head trauma, or disease |
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| a general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness; a common method of assessment is the Glasgow Coma Scale |
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| a state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function; the many causes include fever, shock, and drug overdose (deliro = to draw the furrow awry when plowing, to go off the rails) |
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| an impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion (dementio = to be mad) |
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| loss or impairment of muscle function |
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| loss or impairment of sensation |
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Definition
| pain along the course of a nerve |
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| temporary or permanent loss of motor control |
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| defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion |
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| stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder |
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| partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body |
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| pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve, caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots |
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Definition
| sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from an abnormal firing of nerve impulses; may or may not be associated with convulsion |
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| to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles |
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| evoking a response by touching |
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| increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain |
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| abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause |
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Definition
| any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information |
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| inability to judge the form of an object by touch (e.g., a coin from a key) |
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| inability to locate a sensation properly, such as an inability to locate a point touched on the body |
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Definition
| disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death |
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Term
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
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Definition
| condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death; also known as Lou Gehrig disease |
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| condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth; characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination (palsy =) |
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| isorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain |
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| cerebral arteriosclerosis |
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Definition
| hardening of the arteries of the brain |
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Definition
| condition of lipid (fat) buildup within the blood vessels of the brain (ather/o = fatty [lipid] paste) |
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Definition
| dilation of a blood vessel in the brain (aneurysm = dilation or widening) |
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Definition
| presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain |
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Definition
| obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation |
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Term
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (Fig. 8-6)stroke |
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Definition
| damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus (ischemic stroke) or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke) |
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| transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
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Definition
| brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment); often precedes a CVA |
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Definition
| inflammation of the brain |
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Definition
| disorder affecting the central nervous system; characterized by recurrent seizures |
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Definition
| stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups; previously termed grand mal (big bad) seizure |
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Definition
| seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement; previously termed petit mal (little bad) seizure |
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Definition
| seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms |
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Definition
| tumor of glial cells graded according to degree of malignancy |
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Definition
| disk protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root |
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Definition
| viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles |
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| Huntington chorea, Huntington disease (HD) |
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Definition
| hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia (choros = dance) |
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Definition
| abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor |
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Definition
| benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (the meninges) |
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Definition
| inflammation of the meninges |
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Definition
| paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of mostly unilateral headache, often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries |
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Definition
| disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurologic dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission) |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength; activity resumes and strength returns after a period of rest |
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Definition
| nflammation of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake (hypnagogic hallucinations) |
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Definition
| congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system |
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Definition
| defect in closure of the cephalic portion of the neural tube that results in incomplete development of the brain and bones of the skull; the most drastic neural tube defect usually results in a stillbirth |
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Definition
| defect in development of the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of the meninges (meningocele) or of the meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele); considered to be the most common neural tube defect (spina = spine; bifida = split into two parts) |
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Definition
| condition of slowly progressive degeneration in an area of the brainstem (substantia nigra) resulting in a decrease of dopamine (a chemical neurotransmitter necessary for proper movement); characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and slow movements (bradykinesia); usually occurs later in life |
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Definition
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Definition
| paralysis on one side of the body |
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Definition
| paralysis from the waist down |
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Definition
| paralysis of all four limbs |
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Definition
| inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis (polio = gray) |
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Definition
| nflammation involving two or more nerves, often caused by a nutritional deficiency, such as lack of thiamine |
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Definition
| periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring |
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Term
| electrodiagnostic procedures |
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Definition
| diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the function of the nervous system by recording the electrical signals produced in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves |
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Term
| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain; used to identify neurologic conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness |
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Definition
| record of minute electrical potentials (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders; also used to monitor the neurologic function of patients during surgery |
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Definition
| recording of various aspects of sleep (e.g., eye and muscle |
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Definition
| movements, respiration, and EEG patterns) to diagnose sleep disorders |
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Definition
| introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, such as to obtain CSF for testing; also called spinal tap |
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Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures (especially soft tissue), such as the tissues of the brain and spinal cord |
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| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) |
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Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels to detect pathologic conditions, such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis |
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Definition
| magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circle of Willis (common site of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion) |
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Definition
| magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery |
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Definition
| radionuclide organ imaging |
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Term
| single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scan |
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Definition
| scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after the administration of radioactive isotopes |
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Term
| positron-emission tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology; used to study stroke, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders, chemistry of nerve transmissions in the brain, and so on; provides greater accuracy than SPECT, but is used less often because of cost and the limited availability of the radioisotopes |
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Definition
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Definition
| x-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium |
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Term
| computed tomography (CT) of the head |
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Definition
| computed tomographic (x-ray) images of the head used to visualize abnormalities, such as brain tumors and malformations |
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Definition
| x-ray of the spinal cord obtained after intraspinal injection of contrast medium |
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Definition
| test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus |
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Term
| deep tendon reflexes (DTR) |
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Definition
| involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon (e.g., patella or Achilles) indicating function; positive findings are either no reflex response or an exaggerated response to stimulus; numbers are often used to record responses, F = no response (absent reflex), 1+ = diminished response, 2+ = normal response, 3+ = more brisk than average response, 4+ = hyperactive response |
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Term
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Definition
| pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex |
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Definition
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Term
| transcranial Doppler sonogram |
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Definition
| image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels; used in the diagnosis and management of stroke and head trauma |
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Term
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Definition
| incision and coring of the lining of the carotid artery to clear a blockage caused by the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque or a clot; an open procedure used to treat patients who are at risk for stroke |
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Definition
| excision of part of the skull to approach the brain |
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Definition
| incision into the skull to approach the brain |
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Definition
| removal of a herniated disk; often done percutaneously (per = through; cutaneous = skin) |
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Term
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Definition
| minimally invasive techniques for diagnosis and treatment of |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders within blood vessels of the neck, brain, and spinal cord using specialized catheters inserted percutaneously |
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Term
| interventional neuroradiology |
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Definition
| (through the skin) into the femoral artery (in the groin) and guided by angiographic imaging to the treatment site; performed in a specialized angiographic laboratory by interventional neuroradiologists; common procedures are: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with stent (e.g., carotid PTA) • embolization (plugging) of intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations |
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Definition
| excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord |
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Definition
| flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch |
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Definition
| use of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery |
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Definition
| surgical repair of a nerve |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede the proliferation of malignant cells |
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Term
| stereotactic or stereotaxic |
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Definition
| radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions using |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple, precise external radiation beams focused on a target with the aid of a stereotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions |
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Term
| stereotactic or stereotaxic |
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Definition
| mechanical device used to localize a point in space, |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| agent that prevents or lessens convulsion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| emotional feeling or mood |
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Term
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Definition
| significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction |
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Definition
| a lack of interest or display of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate |
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Definition
| a persistent belief that has no basis in reality |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with the intent to harm |
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Definition
| a restless, dissatisfied mood |
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Definition
| an exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| a false perception of the senses for which there is no reality; most commonly hearing or seeing things (alucinor = to wander in mind) |
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Definition
| the formation of thoughts or ideas, such as suicidal ideation (thoughts of suicide) |
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Definition
| state of abnormal elation and increased activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent |
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Definition
| a mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment |
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Term
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Definition
| thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction |
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Term
| major depression,major depressive illness, clinical depression,major affective disorder,unipolar disorder |
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Definition
| a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression |
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Term
| manic depression,bipolar disorder (BD) |
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Definition
| an affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression (extreme up and down states) |
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Term
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| an affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and that remitin the spring |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| the most common anxiety disorder; characterized by chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday problems; affects the ability to relax or concentrate, but does not usually interfere with social interactions or employment; physical symptoms include muscle tension, trembling, twitching, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and insomnia |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings, including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack (rapid heart rate, chest pain, shortness of breath, chills, sweating, and dizziness) with a general sense of loss of control or feeling that death is imminent; often progresses to agoraphobia |
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic; named for the object or circumstance, such as agoraphobia (fear of the marketplace), claustrophobia (fear of confinement), and acrophobia (fear of high places) |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| a condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal; may occur after a war, violent personal assault, physical or sexual abuse, serious accident, or natural disaster; symptoms include feelings of fear, detachment, exaggerated startle response, restlessness, nightmares, and avoidance of anything or anyone who triggers the painful recollections |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions; can interfere with all aspects of a person's daily life; for example, the thought that a door is not locked causing repetitive checking to make sure it is locked, or thoughts that one's body has been contaminated causing repetitive washing |
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Term
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Definition
| a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental disability, commonly appearing during the first three years of life, resulting from a neurologic disorder affecting brain function, as evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself (auto = self) in social interactions; persons with autism often exhibit body movements such as rocking and repetitive hand movements; persons commonly become preoccupied with observing. parts of small objects or moving parts or with performing meaningless rituals |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental disability characterized by difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs that affects reading, spelling, and self-expression |
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Term
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| a dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with ability to function normally at school, home, or work |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or less, resulting in the inability to adapt to normal social activities |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight, as evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion though induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise |
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Term
| substance abuse disorders |
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Definition
| mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins, causing personal and social dysfunction; identified by the abused substance, such as alcohol abuse, amphetamine abuse, opioid (narcotic) abuse, and polysubstance abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment; symptoms include distortions of normal function (such as disorganized thought, delusions, hallucinations, and catatonic behavior), flat affect, apathy, and withdrawal from reality |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy |
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Definition
| (ECT) electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions; used to treat patients with severe depression |
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Term
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Definition
| use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| medications used to treat mental illnesses (trop/o = a turning) |
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Term
| antianxiety,anxiolytic agents |
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Definition
| agents drugs used to reduce anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| agent that counteracts depression |
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Term
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Definition
| gents drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| agent that has a calming effect and quiets nervousness |
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Term
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Definition
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| electroconvulsive therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generalized anxiety disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magnetic resonance angiography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve conduction velocity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positron-emission tomography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posttraumatic stress disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seasonal affective disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single-photon emission computed tomography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transient ischemic attack |
|
|
