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| Anatomic Reference Systems |
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Definition
| Locations of the structural units of the body. |
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The study of the strutures of the body |
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| The study of the functions of the structures of the body |
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| Describes the body assuming that the individual is standing in the standard postion ( standing up striaght so that the body is erect and facing foward. Holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned with the palms turned toward the front.) |
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| Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for desciptive purposes |
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| Up and down place that is a right angle to the horizon |
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| Midline; the sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions |
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| A veritcal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions; coronal plane |
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| Flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon |
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| A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. |
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| The front, or belly side of the organ or body; opposite of Dorsal |
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| Back of the organ or body; opposite of Ventral |
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| Situated in the front; front or forward part of an organ |
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| Situated in the back; back part of an organ |
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| Uppermost, above, or toward the head |
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| Lowermost, below, or toward the feet |
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| Toward the lower part of the body |
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| Situated nearest the midline of a body structure |
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| Situated farthest from the midline of a body structure |
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| Toward, nearer, the midline |
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| Toward, nearer the side and away from midline |
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| Spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs |
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Located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and divided into the cranial cavity and spinal cavity |
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| The cavity that is located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain |
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| the cavity that is located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord |
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| The cavity that is located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis |
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| Processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment |
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| Known as the chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and lungs |
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| The cavity that contains primarily the major organs of digestion |
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| The space formed by the hip bones and it contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems |
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The abdominal and pelvic cavities as single unit |
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Refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen |
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| Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen |
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| A descriptive system that divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into 9 parts |
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| The region that is located on the left and right sides of the body and are covered by the lower ribs |
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The region that is located above the stomach |
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| The region that is located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine |
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| The region that surrounds the umbilicus |
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| The region that is located on the left and right sides over the hip bones |
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| The region that is located below the stomach |
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| A multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity |
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| The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall |
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| The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity |
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| A fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attackes part of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall |
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| Located behind the peritoneum |
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| Inflammation of the peritoneum |
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| The basic structual and functional units of the body |
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| The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell |
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| The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment |
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| The material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus |
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| Surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell that controls the activities of the cell and helps the cells divide |
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| Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division |
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| a.k.a Somatic Stem Cells , are undifferentiated cells found amoung differentiated cells in a tissue or organ |
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| Undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however, they have the important ability to form any adult cell |
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| A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity |
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| The study of how genes get transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease |
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| A specialist with genetics |
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| When this gene is inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic |
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| When this is inherited from both parents, the offspring will have the condition e.i. sickle cell anemia |
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| When this is inherited from only one parent, and normal gene is inherited for the other parent, the offspring will not have the condition |
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| A complete set of genetic information of an individual |
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| The genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell |
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| Any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells) |
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| A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule |
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| a.k.a hereditary disorder; a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene |
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| A genetic disorger that is present at birth and affect both the respiratory and digestive systems |
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| A genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such a heart valve disease |
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| A group of hereditaty bleeding disorders bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. |
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| A genetic disease that is passed from parent to child. Causes nerve degeneration with symptoms the most often appear in midlife |
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| Used to discribe a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement |
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| aka PKU, a generic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxlase is missing |
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| A fatal generic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain |
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| a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions |
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| The study of the strucure, composition, and function of tissues |
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| A specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels |
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| These form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body |
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| The specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes |
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| The specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs. |
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| Support and connect organs and other body tissues |
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| Tissues that form the joints and framework of the body |
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| A tissue also known as fat that provides protective padding, insulation, and support. |
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| The tissue that surrounds various organs and supports both the nerve cells and blood vessels |
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| The tissues that are blood and lymph transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body |
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| This tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax |
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| This tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrial impulses |
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| The defective development or the congential absence, of an organ or tissue |
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| The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells |
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| A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other |
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| An abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs |
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| The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissue |
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| A general increase in the bulk of a body part of organ that is due to an increase in size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues |
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| A group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions |
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| These glands secrete chemical substance into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body |
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| These glands produce hormones, do not have ducts |
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| Specializes in the lab analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagonosis |
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| the inflammation of a gland |
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| A malignant tumor that originates in grandular tissue |
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| A benign tumor that arises in, or resembles, grandular tissue |
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| The abnormal softening of a gland |
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| Any disease condition of a gland |
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| The abnormal hardening of a gland |
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| Surgical removal of a gland |
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| Somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specfic function |
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| The study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function |
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| The study of the causes of diseases |
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| The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood |
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| aka contagious diease, any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects |
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| Indirect Contact Transmission |
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| Situations in which susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface |
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| Transmission through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze |
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| Food-borne and Waterborne Transmission |
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| Transmission caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present |
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| Vector-borne Transmission |
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| Transmission due to bite of vector |
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