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| extremities, top, extreme point |
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| amnion (sac surrounding embryo in uterus) |
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| death (of cells or whole body) |
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| neutrophil (a white blood cell) |
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| pleura (membrane surrounding lungs, adjacent to chest wall |
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| surgical uncture to remove fluid |
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| this procedure is more commonly known as abdominal paracentesis (para- means beside or near). A tube is placed through an incision in the abdomen and fluid is removed from the peritoneal cavity (beside the abdominal organs). |
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| berry-shaped bacterium (singular) |
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| berry-shaped bacteria (plural) |
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| pain in the chest wall muscles that is aggravated by breathing |
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| condition of producing, forming |
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| myello means spinal cord in this term. This is an x-ray record taken after injection of contrast material into membranes (meninges) surrounding the spinal cord. |
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| breakdown, destruction, separation |
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| breakdown of RBCs with release of hemoglobin |
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| tumor, mass, collection of fluid |
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| myello means bone marrow in this term. This malignant tumor occurs in bone marrow tissue throughout the body. |
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| an autopsy or postmortem examination |
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| primary disease of the heart muscle in the absence of a known underlying etiology (cause) |
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| fear of heights. Acr/o means extremities, in the sense of extreme or far points. |
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| anxiety disorder marked by fear of venturing out into a crowded place. Agora means marketplace. |
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| development, formation, growth |
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| an interventional cardiologist opens a narrowed blood vessel (artery) using a balloon that is inflated after insertion into the vessel. Stents, or slotted tubes, are then put in place to keep the artery open. |
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| falling, dropping, prolapse |
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| physicians use ptosis alone to indicate drooping of the upper eyelids or the breasts |
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| (a form of arteriosclerosis), deposits of fat (ather/o = fatty material) collect in an artery |
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| Meta- = beyond, a metastasis is the spread of a malignant tumor beyond its original site to a secondary organ or location |
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| control of blood loss after injury or during surgery |
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| occurs when blood flow to tissues is not sufficient. This condition deprives cells of oxygen and, if not reversed, leads to tissue death. |
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| opening to form a mouth (stoma) |
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| high-energy radiation is used to treat, not diagnose, illness |
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| also referred to as "lap" this procedure is creation of a large incision into the peritoneal cavity, often on an exploratory basis. |
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| cells increase in size, not number. Muscles of weight lifters often hypertrophy. |
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| cells decrease in size. Muscles atrophy when immobilized in a cast and not in use. |
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| technologist who assists in the making of diagnostic x-ray pictures |
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| this membrane surrounds the heart |
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| pertaining to, producing, produced by, or produced in |
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| opposite of chronic, acute describes a disease that is of rapid onset and has severe symptoms and brief duration |
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| mucous membranes produce the sticky secretion (mucus) |
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Definition
| protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it |
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| occurs when the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm |
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| occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in the male |
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| occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles |
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| protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina |
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| hernation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the navel occurring in infants at birth |
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| collection of pus, WBCs, protein from infection site |
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| affects the skin, causing "boils" and abscesses |
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| polymorphonuclear cells, contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have a multilobed nucleus, are formed in the bone marrow, and there are 3 types: Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils |
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Definition
| Mononuclear leukocytes, have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm, are produced in bone marrow as well as in lymph nodes and the spleen, are 2 types: Lymphocytes & Monocytes |
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| Never Let Monkeys Eat Banana (5 leukocytes) |
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| granules stain red, increase during allergic conditions, 3% of WBCs |
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| granules stain blue, increases in the healing phaseof inflammation, less than 1% of WBCs |
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| granules stain pale purple, disease-fighting cells, they are phagocytes, 50-60% of WBCs |
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Definition
| fight disease by producing antibodies, also may attach directly to foreign cells and destroy them, 2 types: B cells & T cells, 32% of WBCs |
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Definition
| cell with 1 very large nucleus, engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells, monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter tissues to become macrophages which are large phagocytes, monocytes make up 4% of WBCs |
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| or Platelets, tiny fragments of cells formed in blood marrow, for clotting |
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| means "no blood", condition of reduction in number of RBCs or in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood |
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| severe type, occurs when bone marrow fails to produce not only RBCs, but WBCs, and thrombocytes as well |
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| literally means "to hold back blood from a part of the body", tissue that becomes ischemic loses its normal flow of blood and becomes deprived of oxygen, ischemia can be caused by blood clots lodging in a vessel |
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Definition
| lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat, contain WBCs that filter and fight bacteria |
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Definition
| an endocrine disorder, occurs when the pituitary gland produces an excessive amount of growth hormone after the completion of puberty. The excess growth hormone most often results from a benign tumor of the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
| an organ in the LUQ fo the abdomen, below the diaphragm and to the side of the stomach, composed of lymph tissue and blood vessels, it disposes of dying red blood cells and manufactures WBCs |
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Definition
| occurs with development of high BP in hepatic veins (portal hypertension) and hemolytic blood diseases (anemias involving excessive destruction or lysis of RBCs). If splenectomy occurs, other organs carry out these functions. |
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Definition
| inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone, results in a type of dwarfism characterized by short limbs, a normal-sized head and body, and normal intelligence. |
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Definition
| or peritoneoscopy, is a visual examination of the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity using a laparoscope |
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Definition
| an incision inot the trachea to open it below a blockage, may be performed to remove a foreign body or to obtain a biopsy specimen |
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Definition
| is an opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted, the tube is required to allow air to flow into the lungs or to help remove seretions (mucus) from the bronchial tubes |
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| small masses of lymphatic tissue in the part of the pharynx (throat) near the nose and nasal passages |
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| pubis (pubic bone); anterior portionof the pelvic or hipbone |
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| thyroid gland; shield (the shape of the thyroid gland resembled a shield to those who named it |
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| place, position, location |
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| breakdown, destruction, separation |
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| to bear, carry; feeling (mental state) |
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| development, formation, growth |
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| falling, dropping, prolapse |
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| away from (notice that the b faces away from the a) |
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Definition
| a muscle that draws a limb away from the body |
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| toward (notice that the d faces toward the a) |
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| a muscle that draws a limb toward the body |
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| is a laboratory examination of urine that aids in the diagnosis of many medical conditions, in this term, -lysis means separation |
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| abbreviated: a.c. means "before meals" (often seen on prescription orders) |
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| destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria |
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| protein produced against an antigen (foreign body) |
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Definition
| in this term, anti-is short for antibody, an antigen (bacterium or virus) is a substance that produces (-gen) an antibody. |
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Definition
| antiseptic (-sis changes to -tic to form an adjective) substance fights infection |
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Definition
| this is an antibody, often from an animal that acts against a toxin, an example is tetanus antitoxin given against tetanus, an acute bacterial infection of the nervous system |
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| means producing antibodies against one's own normal cells |
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| normal splitting into two branches, such as bifurcation of the trachea to form the bronchi |
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| usually, a pulse less than 60 (a slow heart rate) |
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| connective tissue supports and binds other body tissue and parts (bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue are connective tissues) |
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| contra- means against in this term |
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| contra- means opposite in this term |
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| literal meaning is "complete (dia-) separation (-lysis), in hemodialysis, waste materials are separated from the blood via a machine when the kidneys no longer function |
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| bad, painful, difficult, abnormal |
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| often caused by respiratory or cardiac conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety |
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| ectopic means pertaining to out of place and modifies the noun "pregnancy", the zygote develops outside of the uterus most often within a fallopian tube |
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| an endotracheal tube, placed through the mouth into the trachea, is used for giving oxygen and in gneral anesthesia procedures |
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| protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called proptosis (pro- means forward, -ptosis means prolapse) |
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| this is a sign of diabetes mellitus, lack of insulin or ineffective insulin causes high levels of sugar in the blood |
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Definition
| increase in cell numbers, hyperplasia is a characteristic of tumor growth |
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Definition
| increase in size of individual cells. Muscle, cardiac, and renal cells exhibit hypertrophy when workload is increased |
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| intercostal muscles lie between adjacent ribs |
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| this is a congenital anomaly |
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| this is a french word meaning discomfort, it's a symptom of illness often marking the onset of a disease |
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| from the latin ignis, meaning fire. Benign (ben = good) is noncancerous, whereas maglignant = cancerous |
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Definition
| the 5 hand bones lie beyond the wrist bones but before the finger bones |
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Definition
| meta- means change in this term, the change in development from the larval (caterpillar) stage to the adult (butterfly) is a form of metamorphosis. Embryonic (immature) stem cells spontaneously change (undergo metamorphosis) to form different types of mature cells |
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| meta=beyond and -stasis=controlling, stopping. A metastasis is a malignant tumor that has spread to a secondary location |
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| neonatal period is the interval from bith to 28 days |
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| a neoplasm may be benign or malignant |
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| deficiency of RBCs, WBCs, and thromobocytes |
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| abnormal disruption of the connection between nerve and muscle. Originally from the Greek parlusis, meaning separation or loosening on one side, describing the loss of movement on one side of the body (occurring in stroke patients) |
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Definition
| para- means beside. The four parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid gland. |
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| prodromal signs and symptoms (rash, fever) appear before the actual illness (such as chickenpox) and signal its onset |
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| development of clinical signs of pregnancy but without the presence of an embryo. The origin of this condition may be psychogenic or caused by tumor and endocrine dysfunction |
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Definition
| a disease or its signs and symptoms return after an apparent recovery |
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Definition
| signs and symptoms lessen and the patient feels better. Remission may be spontaneous or the result of treatment. In some cases, a permanent remission means the disease is cured. |
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Definition
| genetic engineering uses recombinant DNA techniques, recombinant DNA is the process of taking a gene frm one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism |
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| an abnormal position of an organ, such as the uterus, bent or tilted backward |
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Definition
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| the pubis is one of a pair of pubic bones that forms the anterior part of the pelvic (hip) bone. |
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Definition
| in protein synthesis, complex proteins are built up from simpler amino acids |
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Definition
| befor the letters b, m, and p, syn becomes sym, symbiosis refers to 2 organisms living together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not |
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Definition
| equality of parts on opposite sides of the body |
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Definition
| transfer of blood or blood parts from one person to another |
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Definition
| reaction between an antigen & antibody |
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Definition
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Definition
| dead or weakened antigens that stimulate WBCs to make antibodies |
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Definition
| a person who is Rh+ has a protein coating (antigen) on his/her RBC |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
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Definition
| autoimmune disorder that affects connective tissue, skin, & internal organs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| irregularity in a structure or organ |
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Definition
| irregular structure or organ that an infant is born with |
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| the uterus descends into the vaginal canal |
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Definition
| body of the uterus is still within the vagina, but the cervix protrudes from the vaginal orifice |
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Definition
| the entire uterus projects permanently outside the orifice |
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Term
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Definition
| if an organ or tissue prolapses (falls, sags, slide), it slides forward or downward |
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Term
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| a method of producing multiple copies of a single gene |
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Term
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Definition
| (from the Greek dromos, meaning a course for running) is a group of signs or symptoms that appear together to produce a typical clinical picture of a disease or inherited abnormality |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver |
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Definition
| affects infants whose mothers consumed excessive amounts of alcohol during pregnancy, characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, craniofacial anomalies such as microcephaly, and limb and heart defects |
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Definition
| an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by a tall, thin body type with long, spidery fingers and toes (arachnodactyly), elongated head, and heart, blood vessel, and ophthalmic abnormalities |
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Definition
| example of symbiosis, when one organism benefits and the other does not |
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Definition
| a joint in which the bony surfaces are firmly united by a layer of fibrocartilage |
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Definition
| is the area in which the pubic bones of the pelvis have grown together |
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Definition
| in transurethral resection of the prostate gland, a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument passed through the urethra. |
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Term
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Definition
| a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves (inaudible sound waves) to produce an image or photograph or an organ or tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| ultrasound images of the heart |
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Definition
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Definition
| defecation, elimination of wastes |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscles to relax. Achalasis (-chalasia=relaxation) results from the loss of peristalsis so that food cannot pass easily through the esophagus. Both failure of the LES to relax and the loss of peristalsis cause dilation (widening ) of the esophagus above the constriction. Physicians recommend a bland diet low in bulk and mechanical stretching of the LES to relieve symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of gastric juice is associated with gastric carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus. The fistula often results from a break or fissure in the wall of the anus or rectum, or from an abscess (infected area) there. |
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Term
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Definition
| any surgical connection between two parts, such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments |
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Term
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Definition
| lost of appetite associated with emotional problems such as anger, anxiety, and irrational fear of weight gain, an eating disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers. The ulcers associated with this condition are commonly called canker sores; the cause is unknown. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| bllind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant RLQ). It literally means hanging (pend/o) on to (ap-, which is a form of ad-). |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, this condition occurs when fluid passes from the bloodstream and collects in the peritoneal cavity. It can be a sign of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in the abdomen, venous hypertension (high BP) caused by liver disease (cirrhosis) or heart failure. treatment for ascites includes administration of diuretic drugs and paracentesis to remove abdominal fluid |
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Definition
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Definition
| digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall (Latin bilis, meaning gall or anger), probably because it has a bitter taste. It is composed of bile pigments (colored materials), cholesterol, and bile salts. |
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Term
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Definition
| the organs (liver & gallbladder) & ducts (hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts) that secrete, store, and empty bile into the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| pigment released by the liver in bile |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| borborygmus (plural: borborygmi) |
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Definition
| rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract. A sign of hperactive intestinal peristalsis, borborygni (bowel sounds) often are present in cases of gastroenteritis and diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pointed, dog-like teeth (canine means pertaining to dog) next to the incisors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first part of the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Gallstones in the gallbladder. Calculi (stones) prevent bile from leaving the gallbladder and bile ducts. Many patients remain asymptomatic and do not require treatment; however, if a patient experiences episodes of biliary colic (pain from blocked cystic or common bile duct), treatment may be required. Currently, laparoscopic or minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic cholecystectomy) is performed to remove the gallbladder and stones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic degenerative disease of the liver. Cirrhosis is commonly the result of chronic alcoholism, or viral hepatitis, or other causes. Lobes of the liver become covered with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, and the liver is infiltrated with fat. Cirrh/o means yellow-orange, which describes the liver's color caused by fat accumulation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Polyps (benign growths) protrudes from the mucous membrane of the colon. Pedunculated (attached to the membrane by a stalk) and sessile (sitting directly on the mucous membrane). Polyps are often removed (polypectomy) for biopsy and to prevent growth leading to malignancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both. Colorectal cancer can arise from polyps in the colon or rectal region. Diagnosis is determined by detecting melena (blood in stool) and by colonoscopy. Prognosis depends on the stage (extent of spread) of the tumor, including size, depth of invasion, and involvement of lymph nodes. Surgical treatment may require excision of a major section of colon with rejoining of the cut ends (anastomosis). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are administered as needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called choledochus. |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in passing stools (feces). When peristalsis is slow, stools are dry & hard. A diet of fruit, veggies, and water is helpful. Laxatives and cathartics are medications to promote movement of stools. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon). Signs and symptoms include diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, weakness, and weight loss. Both Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are forms of inflmmatory bowel disease (IBD). Treatment is weith drugs to control symptoms or by surgical removal of diseased portions of the intestine, with anastomosis of remaining parts. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tooth decay. Dental plaque results from the accumulation of foods, proteins from saliva, and necrotic debris on the tooth enamel. Bacteria grow in the plaque and cause production of acid that dissolves the tooth enamel, resulting in a cavity (area of decay). If the bacterial infection reaches the pulp of the tooth, root canal therapy may be necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root. |
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Term
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Definition
| frequent passage of loose, watery stools. Abrupt onset of diarrhea immediately after eating suggests acute infection or toxin in the GI tract. Untreated, severe diarrhea may lead to dehydration. |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of comple foods to simpler forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall. Diverticula are pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of the colon. When fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula, diverticulitis can occur. Pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first part of the small intestine. Duo = 2, den=10, the duodenum measures 12 inches long. |
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Term
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Definition
| Painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection. Often occurring in the colon, dysentery results frm ingestion of food or water containing bacteria (salmonella or shigellae), amebae (one-celled organisms), or viruses. Symptoms are bloody stools and abdominal pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in swallowing. This sensation feels like a "lump in throat" when a swallowed bolus fails to progress, either because of a physical obstruction (obstructive dysphagia) or because of a motor disorder in which esophageal peristalsis is not coordinated (motor dysphagia) |
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Term
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Definition
| act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces. |
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Term
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Definition
| physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| hard, outermost layer of a tooth |
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Term
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Definition
| performs root canal therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| intestines, usually small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| new opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine. This is an Anastomosis, which is any surgical connection between two parts, such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments (ana=up, stom=opening, -sis=state of). |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end in -ase. |
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Term
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Definition
| gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth. Same as belching. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| malignant tumor of the esophagus. The most common symptom of esophageal cancer is dificulty swallowing (dysphagia). Smoking and chronic alcohol use are major risk factors. Long-term irritation of the esophagus caused by gastric reflus is a premalignant condition called Barrett esophagus. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are treatment options. |
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Term
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Definition
| swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus. Iiver disease (such as cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis) causes increased pressure in veins near & around the liver (portal hypertension). This leads to enlarged, tortuous esophageal veins with danger of hemorrhage (bleeding). Treatment includes drug therapy to lower portal hypertension and banding or tying off the swollen esophageal veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso-means inward; phag/o means swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cause of the illness and treatment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gas expelled through the anus. Flatulence is the presence of excessive gas in the stomach and the intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| substances produced when fats are digested |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small sac under the liver; stores bile. Remember: gallbladder is one word! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| malignant tumor of the stomach. Chronic gastritis associated with bacterial infection is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma. Gastric endoscopy and biopsy diagnose the condition. Cure depends on early detection and surgical removal of the cancerous tissue. |
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Term
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
|
Definition
| Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach. Heartburn is the burning sensation caused by regurgitation of HCl from the stomach to the esophagus. Chronic exposure of esophageal mucosa to gastric acid and pepsin (an enzyme that digests protein) leads to reflux esophagitis. Drug treatment for GERD includes antacid (acid-suppressive) agents and medication to increase the tone of the LES. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of a gastric bypass procedure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| liver cells make new glucose from fats and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| liver cells change glycogen back to glucose when blood sugar levels drop |
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Term
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Definition
| bright red blood is found in the feces. The cause of hematochezia usually is bleeding due to colitis or from ulcers or polyps in the colon or rectum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region. Varicose veins can be internal (within the rectum) or external (outside the anal sphincter). Pregnancy and chronic constipation, which put pressure on anal veins, often cause hemorrhoids. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it. A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm. This condition can lead to GERD. An inguinal hernia occurs when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal muscle. Surgical repair of inguinal hernias is known as herniorrhaphy (-rrhaphy means suture). |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with herpesvirus. Painful fluid-filled blisters on the lips, palate, gums, and tongue, commonly called fever blisters or cold sores. It is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). Treatment is with medication to relieve symptoms. Herpes genitalis (due to HSV2) occurs on the reproductive organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food |
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Term
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Definition
| cause of illness is Unknown |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| third part of the small intestine; from the Greek eilos, meaning twisted. When the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines. Surgery, trauma, or bacterial injury to the peritoneum can lead to paralytic ileus (acute, transient loss of peristalsis). |
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Term
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Definition
| one of four front teeth in the dental arch |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Telescoping of the intestines. In this condition, one segment of the bowel collapses into the opening of another segment. It often occurs in children and at the ileocecal region. Intestinal obstruction with pain and vomiting can occur. Surgical removal of the affected segment of bowel with anastomosis frequently is necessary to correct the obstruction. |
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Term
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) |
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Definition
| Group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension. Gastrointestinal symptoms are diarrhea, constipation, bloating, and/or lower abdominal pain. On extensive examination, the intestines appear normal, yet symptoms persist. Treatment is symptomatic, with a diet high in barn and fiber to soften stools and establish regular bowel habits. |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia). Jaundice can occur when 1) excessive destruction of RBCs, as in hemolysis, causes excess bilirubin in the blood; 2) malfunction of liver cells (hepatocytes) due to liver disease prevents the liver from excreting bilirubin with bile; or 3) obstruction of bile flow, such as from choledocholithiasis or tumor, prevents bilirubin in bile from being excreted into the duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| second part of the small intestine. The Latin jejunus means empty; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examined after death. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| a form of minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Examples are laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic appendectomy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. The normal adult liver weighs about 2.5 to 3 pounds. |
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Term
| lower esophageal sphincter (LES) |
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Definition
| ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood. This clinical sign usually reflects a condition in which blood has had time to be digested 9acted on by intestinal juices) and results from bleeding in the upper GI tract (duodenal ulcer). A positive result on stool guaiac testing . |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the double fold of peritoneum that stretches around the organs in the abdomen, the mesentery holds the organs in place. Literally, it lies in the middle (mes-) of the intestines, a membrane attaching the intestines to the muscle wall of the back of the abdomen. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mucous membrane lining cavities or canals that open to the outside of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit. Common causes are sea and motion sickness and early pregnancy. Nausea and vomiting may be symptomatic of a perforation (hole in the wall) of an abdominal organ; obstruction of a bile duct, stomach, or intestine; or exposure to toxins (poisons). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth. This precancerous lesion can result from chronic tobacco use (pipe smoking or chewing tobacco). Malignant potential is assessed by microscopic study of biopsied tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure to repair cleft palate and cleft lip; repair of a cleft palate |
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Term
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Definition
| organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Malignant tumor of the pancreas. Pancreatic carcinoma occurs more often in men than in women. Although the cause is unknown, it is more common in smokers and people who are obese. Symptoms and signs are abdominal pain, fatigue, jaundice, and anorexia. Surgical treatment is a pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the pancreas. Digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue and damage the gland. Other etiologic factors include chronic alcoholism, drug toxicity, gallstone obstruction of the common bile duct, and viral infections. Treatment includes medications to relieve epigastric pain, intravenous fluids, and subtotal pancreatectomy if necessary. |
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Term
| papillae (singular: papilla) |
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Definition
| small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation. |
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Term
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Definition
| par (from para-) means apart from in this term. An intravenous lin brings parenteral nutrition directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the intestinal tract (enteral nutrition). Parenteral injections may be subcutaneous or intramuscular as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. A bacterium, Helicobacter pylori is responsible for peptic ulcer disease. The combination of bacteria, hyperacidity, and gastric juice damages epithelial linings. Drug treatment includes antibiotics, antacids, and agents to protect the linding of the stomach and intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone. Gingivitis occurs as a result of accumulation of dental plaque and dental calculus or tartar. In gingivectomy, a peridontist uses a metal instrument to scrape away plaque and tartar from teeth; any pockets of pus are then drained and removed to allow new tissue to form. Localized infections are treated with systemic antibiotics. |
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Term
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Definition
| rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. In the gastrointestinal tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates: stomach, 0.5-2 hrs; small intestine, 2-6 hrs; and colon, 6-72hrs. Peri- means surrounding; -stalsis is constriction. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose. |
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Term
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Definition
| large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| seen on written prescriptions, also means after meals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that digests protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. From the Greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it. |
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Term
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Definition
| distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus. |
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Term
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Definition
| ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive juice produced by salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| fourth and last, s-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| objective finding indicating presence of disease(temp, rash, chest sound) |
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Term
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Definition
| circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Fat in the feces; fothy, foul-smelling fecal matter. Improper digestion or absorption of fat can cause fat to remain in the intestine. This may occur with disease of the pancreas (pancreatitis) when pancreatic enzymes are not excreted. It also is a sign of intestinal disease that involves malabsorption of fat. |
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Term
|
Definition
| improperly digested (malabsorbed) fats will appear in the feces |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach's parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section). |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| subjective sensation or change in health (itching, pain, fatigue, nausea) |
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Term
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Definition
| fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers. This idiopathic, chronic, recurrent diarrheal disease (an inflammatory bowel disease) presents with rectal bleeding and pain. Drug treatment and careful attention to diet are recommended. Resection of diseased bowel with ileostomy may be necessary. Patients with ulcerative colitis have a higher risk of colon cancer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. The Latin uva means bund of grapes |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflmmation of the liver caused by a virus. Hepatitis A is viral heptitis caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is a benign disorder spread by contaminated food or water and characterized by slow onset of symptoms. Complete recovery is expected. Hep B is caused by the Hep B virus (HBV) and is transmitted by blood transfusion, sexual contact, or the use of contaminated needles or instruments. Severe infection can cause destruction of liver cells, cirrhosis, or death. A vaccine that provides immunity is available and recommended for persons at risk for exposure. Hep C is caused by the Hep C virus (HCV) and is transmitted by blood transfusions or needle inoculation. The acute illness may progress to chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In all types, liver enzyme levels may be elevated, indicating damage to liver cells. Signs and symptoms include malasie, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and abdominal pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Twisting of the intestine on itself. Volvulus causes intestinal obstruction. Severe pain, nausea, and vomiting, and absence of bowel sounds are clinical features. Surgical correction is necessary to prevent necrosis of the affected segment of the bowel. |
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Term
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Definition
| stretching, dilation, dilatation, widening |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| destruction, breakdown, separation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| This abnormal condition is often due to chronic infection or obstruction of bronchial tubes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dilation of smaller lymphatic vessels usually results from obstruction in larger vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bright red blood is vomited, often associated with esophageal varices or peptic ulcer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Red blood cells are destroyed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excessive appetite and uncontrolled eating. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Difficulty in swallowing. Often associated with obstruction or motor (movement) disorder of the esophagus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The structure of the nose is changed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| drooping; sagging; protruding |
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Term
|
Definition
| forward protrusion of the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bursting forth (of blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of large amount of blood in a short period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive bleeding at the time of menstruation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| menstrual flow or menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
herniorrhaphy
hernioplasty |
|
Definition
| Repair (as in stitching or suturing) of a hernia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain associated with menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary contraction of muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum is interrupted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bleeding is stopped by mechanical or chemical means, or by the coagulation process of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tightening, stricture, narrowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a congenital defect in newborns blocking the flow of food into the small intestine. Pyloromyotomy can correct the condition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spitting up blood from the respiratory tract, a sign of bleeding and disease within the bronchial tubes and lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absence of a normal opening. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A congenital anomaly in which the esophagus does not connect with the stomach. A tracheoesophageal fistula often accompanies this abnormality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congenital hypoplasia or nonformation of bile ducts causes neonatal cholestasis and jaundice. |
|
|
Term
| Liver Function Tests (LFTs) |
|
Definition
| Tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood. |
|
|
Term
| Alkaline Phosphatase (alk phos) |
|
Definition
| another enzyme that may be elevated in patients with liver, bone or other disease |
|
|
Term
| Alanine Transaminase (ALT) & Aspartate Transaminase (AST) |
|
Definition
| enzymes present in many tissues, levels are elevated in the serum of pts with liver disease (indicative of hepatitis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| levels are elevated in pts with liver disease and jaundice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures conjugated bilirubin, high levels indicate liver disease or biliary obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures unconjugated bilirubin, increased levels mean excessive hemolysis, as may occur in a newborn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test for microorganisms present in feces |
|
|
Term
| Stool Guaiac test or Hemoccult Test |
|
Definition
| Test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces, important screening test for colon cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical from the wood of trees, when added to a stool sample, it reacts with any blood present in the feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that x-rays cannot penetrate |
|
|
Term
| lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema) |
|
Definition
| x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum. Radiologists inject barium (a contrast medium) by enema into the rectum. |
|
|
Term
| Upper Gastrointestinal Series |
|
Definition
| X-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by mouth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| X-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile ducts. |
|
|
Term
| Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiograhy |
|
Definition
| contrast medium is injected using a needle placed through the abdominal wall into the liver |
|
|
Term
| Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) |
|
Definition
| contrast medium is administered through an oral catheter (tube) and then passes through the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum and into bile ducts. this procedure helps diagnose problems involving the bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (especially cross section). CT scan uses a circular array of x-ray beams to produce the cross-sectional image based on differences in tissue densities. Use of contrast material allows visualization of organs and blood vessels and highlights differences in blood flow between normal and diseased tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tom/o means cutting. This procedure produces a series of x-ray pictures showing multiple views of an organ. |
|
|
Term
| Abdominal Ultrasonography |
|
Definition
| Sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera. |
|
|
Term
| Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) |
|
Definition
| Use of an endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. An endoscope is inserted through the mouth or rectum, and ultrasound images are obtained. |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| Magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body. This technique does NOT use x-rays. It detects subtle differences in tissue composition, water content, and blood vessel density, and can show sites of trauma, infection, or cancer. |
|
|
Term
| Gastric Bypass or Bariatric Surgery |
|
Definition
| Reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy). This is bariatric (bar/o=weight, iatr/o=treatment) surgery for severe obesity. It reduces the size of the stomach to a volume of 2 TBS and bypasses much of the small intestines. |
|
|
Term
| Gastrointestinal Endoscopy |
|
Definition
| visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope. A flexible fiberoptic tube through the mouth or the anus to view parts of the GI tract. |
|
|
Term
| Virtual Colonoscopy (CT Colonography) |
|
Definition
| This combines CT scanning and computer technology to enable physicians to examine the entire length of the colon by x-ray imaging in just minutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach. The NG tube removes fluid postoperative and the intestinal contents are examined for analysis. |
|
|
Term
| Paracentesis (Abdominocentesis) |
|
Definition
| Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen. This procedure is necessary to drain fluid (accumulated in ascites) from the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. |
|
|
Term
| When foods containing proteins are used by cells in the body, waste products: ___, ____, & ____ are released into the bloodstream |
|
Definition
| urea, creatine, and uric acid |
|
|
Term
| What does the urinary system do? |
|
Definition
| It removes wastes such as urea, creatine, and uric acid (nitrogenous wastes) from the blood so that they do not accumulate and become harmful. |
|
|
Term
| Urine leaves the body through the ____, ____, & _____. |
|
Definition
| ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra |
|
|
Term
| What is urine composed of? |
|
Definition
| Nitrogenous wastes, water, salts, and acids |
|
|
Term
| Besides removing urea, and other nitrogenous wastes from the blood, what else does the kidney do? |
|
Definition
| maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acids in the body fluids |
|
|
Term
| small molecules in the body that conduct an electrical charge |
|
Definition
| Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) |
|
|
Term
| Electrolytes are necessary for proper functioning of _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme released by the kidneys, it raises blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| The kidneys secrete an active form of _____, necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine, and degrade/eliminate hormones such as ____ &_____ from bloodstream. |
|
Definition
| Vitamin D, Insulin, Parathyroid Hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is one of 2 bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal) on either side of the spine in the lumbar region. Adipose tissue & fibrous connective tissue surround each kidney for protection. Each kidney (size of fist) weighs about 4-6 ounces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| out region of kidney (cortex=bark of tree) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner region of kidney (medulla=marrow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depression on the medial border of the kidney, blood vessels and nerves pass through the hilum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is one of 2 muscular tubes (16-18 inches long) lined with mucous membrane, carries urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hollow, muscular sac, a temporary reservoir for urine before excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of expelling urine through the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| External opening of the urethra |
|
|
Term
| Blood enters each kidney from the aorta by way of the right and left __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each arteriole in the cortex of the kidney leads into a mass of very tiny, coiled, and intertwined smaller blood vessels called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerulus (Plural: Glomeruli) |
|
Definition
| a collection of tiny capillaries formed in the shape of a small ball, about 1 million glomeruli in the cortex region of each kidney. |
|
|
Term
| The kidneys produce urine by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As blood passes through the many glomeruli, the thin walls of each glomerulus (the filter) permit ____, _____, ____, & _____ (with other nitrogenous wastes such as creatine, uric acid) to leave the blood stream. |
|
Definition
| water, salts, sugar, and urea |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule |
|
Definition
| a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule and further processed. |
|
|
Term
| The walls of the glomeruli prevent large substances such as ______ and _______ from filtering into the capsule. These substances remain in the blood & don't appear in urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Afferent arteries carry blood _____ the glomerulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent arterioles carry blood _____ the glomerulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attached to each glomerular capsule is a long, twisted tube called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As water, sugar, salts, urea, and other wastes pass through the renal tubule, most of the ____, all of the _____, and some _____ return to the bloodstream through tiny capillaries surrounding each tubule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reabsorption (in the kidneys) |
|
Definition
| this process ensures that the body retains essential substances such as sugar, water, and salts |
|
|
Term
| The final process in the formation of urine is ________ of some substances from the bloodstream into the renal tubule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each renal tubule, now containing urine (95% _____, and 5% _____, ______, _____, ____, & _____), ends in a larger collecting tubule. |
|
Definition
| Water, Urea, Creatine, Salts, Acids, Drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination unit of a glomerulus and a renal tubule |
|
|
Term
| Kidney's function in 3 steps |
|
Definition
| Filtration(water, sugar, wastes, salts)--Reabsorption(water, sugar, some salts)--Secretion (acids, potassium, & drugs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a basin-like area in the central part of the kidney where all the collecting tubules lead to |
|
|
Term
| Calices (Plural: Calyces) |
|
Definition
| small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| The renal pelvis narrows into the _____, which carries the urine to the ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sphincter muscles control the exit area of the bladder to the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tue for injecting or removing fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An opening is made into the urinary bladder from the outside of the body. A catheter is placed into the bladder for drainage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Downward displacement or dropping of a kidney when its anatomic supports are weakened. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An operation to put a floating kidney in place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incision (percutaneous) into the kidney to remove a stone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical opening to the outside of the body (from the renal pelvis). This is necessary when a ureter becomes obstructed and the obstruction cannot be removed easily. The renal pelvis becomes distended with urine (hydronephrosis), making nephrostomy necessary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of a large calculus (stone) contributing to blockage of urine flow and development of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermittent spasms of pain caused by inflammation and distention of an organ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trigone (region of bladder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| albumin (a protein in the blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leakage of very small amounts of albumin through the glomeruli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Culture & Sensitivity Testing (C&S) |
|
Definition
| When a bacteria in urine are cultured and then tested with antibiotics to determine which antibiotic will inhibit growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when acids accumulate in the blood/tissues. The breath of a patient with ketosis has a sweet or fruity odor. This is produced by acetone released from the blood in the lungs and exhaled through the mouth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This condition can occur in advanced chronic kidney disease as fluid builds up in the blood and tissues, diluting the amount of salt in the body. It can often happen in marathons when runners drink too much water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequent, excessive urination at night |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This toxic state results when nitrogenous waste accumulates abnormally in the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Literally, a condition of being "in urine"; bed-wetting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Di- from Dia=complete. Caffeine and alcohol are well-known diuretics. They induce increased excretion of urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Literally means not(in-) able to hold (tin) together (con-). The is lost of control of the passage of urine from the bladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urination; urine condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The specific gravity of urine reflects the amounts of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenylketones are substances that accumulate in the urine of infants born lacking the important enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Lack of enzyme causes phenylalanine to reach high levels in the infant's bloodstream, which eventually leads to mental retardation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidney stones (renal calculi) |
|
|
Term
| nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis) |
|
Definition
| group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swelling caused by fluid in tissue spaces |
|
|
Term
| polycystic kidney disease (PKD) |
|
Definition
| multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma) |
|
Definition
| cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high BP resulting from kidney disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malignant tumor of the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistent to its effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body |
|
|
Term
| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
|
Definition
| measurement of urea levels in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| x-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues |
|
|
Term
| kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) |
|
Definition
| x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| retrograde pyelogram (RP) |
|
Definition
| x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder |
|
|
Term
| voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) |
|
Definition
| x-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urinary tract stones are crushed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemodialysis uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patient's bloodstream, filters it, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient's body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peritoneal dialysis uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. Chemical properties of the fluid cause wastes in the capillaries of the peritoneum to pass out of the bloodstream and into the fluid. The fluid (with wastes) is then removed by catheter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catheter, catheterization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic kidney disease--a condition during which serum creatinine and BUN levels rise, which may result in impairment of all body systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic renal failure--progressive loss of kidney function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| culture and sensitivity testing--to determine antibiotic effectiveness against bacteria grown from a patient's urine specimen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomerular filtration rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interstitial cystitis--chronic inflammation of the bladder wall; not caused by bacterial infection and not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidney, ureter, and bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polycystic kidney disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower, neck-like portion of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal par of the placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual intercourse; copulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage in prenatal development from 2-8 wks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage in prenatal development from 8-39 or 40 wks |
|
|
Term
| fimbria (plural: fimbriae) |
|
Definition
| finger-or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive organs; also called genitals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period from fertilization of the ovum to birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts |
|
|
Term
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
Definition
| hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucous membran partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tubes that carry milk within the breast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced by the pituitary gland; promotes ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nipple of the breast. a papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual ending of menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (Latin mensis means month) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle layer of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman's lifetime |
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Definition
| one of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. ovaries are almond-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells (ova) and hormones |
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Definition
| release of the ovum from the ovary |
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Definition
| mature egg cell (female gamete). ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes. |
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Definition
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Definition
| in females, the area between the anus and the vagina |
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Definition
| endocrine gland at the base of the brain. it produces hormones to stimulate the ovaries. |
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Definition
| vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy. it serves as a communication between maternal and fetal bloodstreams. |
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Definition
| condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 wks |
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Definition
| hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women |
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Definition
| point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced |
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Definition
| outermost layer surrounding the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle is the corpus; and the lowermost neck-like portion is the cervix. |
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Definition
| muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body |
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Definition
| external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice |
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Definition
| stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 wks |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| a needle is placed through the posterior wall of the vagina and fluid is withdrawn for diagnostic purposes |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| an incision through the skin of the perineum enlarges the vaginal orifice for delivery. the incision is repaired by perineorrhaphy. |
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Definition
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Definition
| abnormal, persistent discharge of milk, commonly seen with pituitary gland tumors |
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Definition
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Definition
| enlargement of breasts in a male. it often occurs with puberty or aging, or the condition can be drug-related |
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Definition
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Term
| total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) |
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Definition
| removal of the entire uterus (including the cervix) through an abdominal incision |
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Term
| vaginal hysterectomy (VH) |
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Definition
| removal of the entire uterus through the vagina |
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Term
| laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy |
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Definition
| partial hysterectomy that preserves the cervix |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| reduction/augmentation/enlargement operation of breasts |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| absence of menses for 6 mths or for longer than 3 of the patient's normal menstrual cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| infrequent menstrual periods or scanty menses |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods (Fibroids are a leading cause of menorrhagia) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bleeding between menses. possible causes of metrorrhagia include ectopic pregnancy, cervical polyps, and ovarian and uterine tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive uterine bleeding during and between menstrual periods |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| removal of fibroids (myomas) from the uterus |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| when both ovaries are removed |
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Definition
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Definition
| false pregnancy with symptoms such as weight gain and amenorrhea |
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Definition
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Definition
| first pregnancy or pregnant woman |
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Definition
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Definition
| an adjective describing a woman who has given birth to at least one child. Para also is used as a noun, often followed by a number to indicate the number of deliveries after the 20th wk of gestation (para 1, para 2, para 3). |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| when the fetus' head is closest to the cervix |
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Definition
| when the fetus buttocks and feet are closest to the cervix |
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Term
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Definition
| painful sexual intercourse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vol- means to roll. the uterus returns to its normal nonpregnant size |
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Definition
| a woman who has been pregnant more than once |
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Definition
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Definition
| the uterus is abnormally tilted backward |
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Term
| intrauterine device (IUD) |
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Definition
| IUD is used to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg |
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Term
| carcinoma of the cervix or cervical cancer |
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Definition
| malignant cells within the cervix |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a localized form of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the cervix |
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Term
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Definition
| ulcerations, appearing as raw, red patches on the cervical mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
| clear, white, yellow pus-filled vaginal discharge |
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Term
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Definition
| destroying tissue by freezing |
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Term
| carcinoma of the endometrium or endometrial cancer |
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Definition
| malignant tumor of the uterus (adenocarcinoma) |
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Term
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Definition
| widening of the cervical canal |
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Term
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Definition
| scraping the inner lining of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| endometrial tissue located outside the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| fibroids or leiomyomata or leiomyomas |
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Definition
| benign tumors in the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| uterine artery embolization (UAE) |
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Definition
| tiny pellets are injected into a uterine artery supplying blood to fibroids. blood flow is blocked by the pellets (emboli) causing fibroids to shrink in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma) |
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Term
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Definition
| collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| dermoid cysts are lined with a variety of cell types, including skin, hair, teeth, and cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
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Definition
| inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| carcinoma of the breasts or breast cancer |
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Definition
| malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts) |
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Term
| sentinel node biopsy (SNB) |
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Definition
| to determine whether the tumor has spread to lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor proteins that can indicate whether or not if the tumor will respond to hormonal therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| drug that blocks estrogen receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that block the production of estrogen by inhibiting the enzyme aromatase |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor protein found in some breast cancers and signals a high risk of tumor recurrence |
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Definition
| an antibody that binds to and blocks her-2/neu is effective in stopping growth when used with chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary mutations for breast cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast |
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Term
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Definition
| premature separation of the implanted placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant tumor of the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location |
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Term
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Definition
| implantation of the fertilized egg in the fallopian tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high BP, proteinuria, edema, and headache |
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Term
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Definition
| is a system of scoring an infant's physical condition 1 and 5 minutes after birth. heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and response to stimuli each are rated 0, 1, or 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus |
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Term
| hyaline membrane disease or respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS) |
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Definition
| acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn, caused by deficiency of surfactant, a protein necessary for proper lung function |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain |
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Term
| meconium aspiration syndrome |
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Definition
| abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn |
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Term
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Definition
| is obstruction of the small intestine in the newborn caused by impaction of thick, dry meconium near the ileocecal valve |
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Term
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Definition
| narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix |
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Term
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Definition
| instrument to hold apart the vaginal walls |
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Term
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Definition
| blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG |
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Term
| hysterosalpingography (HSG) |
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Definition
| x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material |
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Term
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Definition
| x-ray imaging of the breast |
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Term
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Definition
| an x-ray tube moves in an arc around the breast as several images are taken, these images are sent to a computer and clear, highly focussed 3D pictures are produced. |
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Term
| breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI |
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Definition
| technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region |
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Term
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Definition
| the sound probe is placed in the vagina instead of across the pelvis or abdomen; this method is best used to evaluate fluid-filled cysts |
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Term
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Definition
| withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction |
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Term
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Definition
| visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix |
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Term
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Definition
| use of cold temperature to destroy tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac |
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Term
| dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C) |
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Definition
| widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of internal organs within a cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| making an individual incapable of reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus |
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Term
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) |
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Definition
| sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor |
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Term
| in vitro fertilization (IVF) |
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Definition
| egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alpha-fetoprotein--high levels in amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant |
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Term
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Definition
| atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance--the Pap smear is abnormal but does not meet the criteria for a specific lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal uterine bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| breast cancer 1 and 2--genetic mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer (normal range of values is 0 to 35) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chorionic villus sampling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dilation (dilatation) and curettage |
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Term
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Definition
| ductal carcinoma in situ; a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| diethylstibestrol--an estrogen compound used in the treatment of menopausal problems involving estrogen deficiency; if administered during pregnancy, it has been found to be related to subsequent tumors in the daughters (rarely in sons) of mothers so treated |
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Term
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Definition
| dysfunctional uterine bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| estimated date of confinement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone--secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
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Term
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Definition
| hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hormone replacement therapy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intrauterine device; contraceptive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy |
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Term
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Definition
| loop electrocautery excision procedure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a woman's reproductive history: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children |
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Term
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Definition
| Papanicolaou smear--test for cervical or vaginal cancer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pelvic inflammatory disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn |
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Term
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Definition
| sentinel lymph node biopsy--blue dye or a radioisotope (or both) identifies the first lymph node draining the breast lymphatics |
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Term
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Definition
| total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy |
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Term
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Definition
| trans-rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap--for breast reconstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| uterine artery embolization |
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Definition
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