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| abdomen, abdominal cavity |
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| the letter S, sigmoid colon |
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| an accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity that produces an enlarged abdomen-a sign of liver disease, congestive heart failure or both |
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| infrequent or incomplete bowel movements-sign of an intestinal disorder |
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| frequent discharge of watery fecal material-can be caused by improper diet or infection |
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| digestive difficulty. Commonly called indigestion, often accompanied by stomach or esophageal pain or discomfort |
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| difficulty in swallowing-often accompanies a sore throat-if chronic can indicate oral or pharyngeal cancer |
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| the presence of gas, or air, in the GI tract-the gas is expelled through the anus as flatulence |
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| stomach pain. Aka gastralgia |
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| vomiting blood-sign of severe digestive disorder |
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| a sign of liver disease, the abnormal enlargement of the liver |
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| a yellowish-orange coloration of the skin, sclera of the eyes, and deeper tissues- a sign of liver disease that results from accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver |
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| dizziness with an urge to vomit-when accompanied with vomiting labeled N&V |
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| a backward flow of material in the GI tract, or regurgitation |
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| abnormal levels of fat in the feces-asign of digestive malfunction |
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| an emotional eating disorder in which the patient avoids food due to a compulsion to become thin in appearance-results in extreme weight loss and nutritional deficiencies and can be fatal |
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| inflammation of the appendix |
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| a common eating disorder involving repeated gorging with food followed by induced vomiting and laxative abuse |
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| a condition of the lips in which there is splitting of the lips and corners of the mouth usually as a result of vit B deficiency |
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| inflammation of the gallbladder-usually caused by stones lodged within the gallbladder-gallstones |
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| inflammation of a common bile duct-presence of stones within the common bile duct=choledocholithiasis |
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| a generalized condition of stones lodged within the gallbladder or bile ducts |
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| a chronic, progressive liver disease characterized by the gradual loss of liver cells and their replacement by fat and other forms of connective tissue-jaundice is a common symptom-usually caused by alcoholism and viral infections |
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| inflammation of the colon-often includes excessive peristaltic contractions, mucus production and cramping pain- these symptoms accompanied by chronic bleeding=ulcerative colitis, which is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
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| cancer of the colon accompanied by cancer of the rectum- this form of cancer arises as a polyp, an abnormal mass of tissue that projects from the wall of the organ into the interior like a mushroom. |
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| a chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract, most commonly the ileum of the small intestine, that involves ulcerations, scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall. Aka regional ileitis or regional enteritis. Likely an inherited condition. a form of IBD |
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| when small pouches form on the wall of the colon called diverticula, usually without symptoms or mild bowel discomfort. When the pouches get inflamed-painful condition called diverticulitis |
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| an ulcer or erosion in the wall of the duodenum of the small intestine |
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| an acute inflammation of the GI tract that is caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants-characterized by severe diarrhea and can be fatal |
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| inflammation of the small or large intestine |
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| inflammation of the esophagitis-often caused by acid reflux from the stomach, which burns the esophageal lining to produce inflammation. Chronic esophagitis may lead to a morbid softening of the esophageal wall=esophagomalacia |
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| food poisoning-ingestion of contaminated food. Botulism, e coli, salmonella, are common types |
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| abnormal stretching or dilation of the stomach-may be caused by overeating, obstruction of the pyloric opening, or hiatal hernia. Gastromegaly- a related condition-an abnormal enlargement of the stomach |
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| stomach cancer-an aggressive, metastatic cancer arising from cells lining the stomach |
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| an ulcer or erosion in the wall of the stomach-often caused by an imbalance between the secretion of the protective mucous layer and the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, oftne due to infection |
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| inflammation of the stomach-caused by diet, infection, cancer or various digestive conditions. Inflammation of the stomach and the small intestine=gastroenteritis. With colon included=gastroenterocolitis |
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| a recurring backflow, or reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus as a result of a weakened esophageal sphincter=gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Indigestion is a common symptom |
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| the softening of the stomach wall that may occur during advanced stages of stomach cancer and other chronic diseases of the stomach |
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| infection by the intestinal protozoa giardia intestinalis or lamblia which produces symptoms of diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and vomiting-usually contracted through contaminated water |
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| inflammation of the gums or gingiva-usually caused by chronic bacterial activity at the junction of the teeth and gums |
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| glossopathy-a general term for disease of the tongue-glossitis is inflammation of the tongue cuased by exposure to allergens, toxic substances, or extreme heat or cold |
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| a varicose, or swollen, condition of the veins in the anus produces painful swellings that may break open and bleed. Aka piles |
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| a viral-induced inflammation of the liver-there are 5 types of hepatitis |
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| a tumor arising from cells within the liver. Aka hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) |
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| protrusion of the cardiac portion of the stomach through the hiatus of the diaphragm to enter the thorcic cavity-causes heartburn |
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| a protrusion of a small intestinal segment through the abdomonal wall in the inguinal region. A direct inguinal hernia occurs in males and is a protrusion into the scrotal cavity. |
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| occurs when a small intestinal segment enters through a tear in the membrane covering the abdominal wall at the umbilical region. |
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| blood flow is restricted to the protruding organ-requires medical intervention to prevent loss of the affected organ |
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| inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
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| a general term-a syndrome affecting different patients in different ways-includes a wide spectrum of conditions and symptoms |
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| infolding of a segment of the small intestine within another segment-results in a reduction of intestinal motility |
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
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| a chronic disease characterized by perdiodic disturbances of large intestinal (bowel) function without clear physical damage-episodes includes symptoms of intestinal muscle spasms and flatus-often associated with fluctuations of diarrhea and constipation |
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| a condition in which an enzyme in the small intestine which breaks down lactose is missing resulting in flatus and diarrhea |
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| a disorder characterized by difficulty absorbing one or more nutrients-can have severe consequences |
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| inflammation of the pancreas-caused by cancer or bacterial infection |
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| inflammation of one or more parotid glands (salivary glands located around the angle of the jaw). If this is caused by a virus-called mumps. Parotitis aka sialoadenitis |
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| an erosion into the inner wall of an organ along the GI tract. Formed when protective mucous layer becomes eroded, exposing the inner lining to caustic effects of HCl acid |
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| the peritoneum is a membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of its organs-this condition is when that membrane becomes inflammed |
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| any abnormal mass of tissue that projects inward form the wall of a hallow organ is called a polyp. When there are many polyps=polyposis |
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| inflammation of the anus and usually the rectum as well |
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| a drooping or prolapse of the rectum |
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| a severe twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction |
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| a surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid |
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| an agent that reduces the acidity of the stomach cavity |
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| a drug that prevents or stops the vomiting reflex |
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| a drug that reduces peristalsis activity in the GI tract, which arrests the muscular spasms involved in diarrhea |
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| used to treat the symptoms of diarrhea by increasing water absorption in the colon while decreasing spasms |
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| the surgical removal of the appendix |
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| an agent that stimulates strong waves of peristalsis of the colon-used to treat the symptoms of constipation. An agent that produces mild waves of peristalsis is a laxative |
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| the procedure of suturing the lip |
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| the surgical removal of the gallbladder |
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| the image created during the procedure of producing an x-ray image of the gallbladder, cholecystography |
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| the surgery that involves the removal of one or more obstructive gallstones from the common bile duct |
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| a congenital defect in which the bones supporting the roof of the mouth, or hard palate, fail to fuse during fetal development leaving a space btw the oral and nasal cavity- Can be accompanied by an opening in the upper lip=cleft lip |
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| surgical removal of a segment of the colon |
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| an surgical opening is made to act as an artificial anus, usually following the excision of the distal part of the colon-the opening is called a stoma |
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| fecal occult blood test (FOBT) |
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| a clinical lab test performed to detect blood in the feces-positive may indicate polyposis or colorectal cancer or hemorrhoids |
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| surgical removal of part of the stomach or the entire organ-to treat peptic ulcers or gastric cancer |
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| a cleansing procedure in which the stomach is irrigated with a prescribed solution-performed after ingestion of a toxic substance or drug overdose or to remove irritants before or after surgery |
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| an irrigation procedure performed on the colon to remove unwanted substances. If the material is fecal blockage in the colon or rectum, an enema is used |
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| the process of feeding a patient through a tube innserted into the nose that extends through the esophagus to enter the stomach-tube called nasogastric tube |
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| visual examination of the GI tract with an endoscope |
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| a common term applied to several diagnostic techniques that provide radiographic examination of the GI tract-barium sulfate is used to highlight details |
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| surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums or gingiva |
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| an injury that involves a severe bite through the tongue requires surgery to close the wound with sutures |
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| surgical removal of hemorrhoids |
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| a surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum of the small intestine-performed to establish an alternative anus for the passage of feces, usually following a radical colectomy in which the entire colon is removed |
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| the surgical procedure that involves an incision through the abdominal wall often from the base of the sternum to the pubic bone |
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| the surgical removal of polyps |
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| surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach, which may include repair of the pyloric valve |
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| stool culture and sensitivity (SCS) |
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| includes obtaining stool samples, using the sample to grow microorganisms in culture, and identifying the microorganisms to determine which antibiotics to use |
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| the vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that innervates much of the GI tract, providing sensory info to the brain relating to digestion and stimulating peristalsis of GI tract organs-Vagotomy is the surgical dissection of the branches of this nerve to reduce gastric juice secretion to treat chronic gastric ulcers |
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