Term
adnexa of the eyes
(adnexa oculi) |
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Definition
| the structures outside the eyeball: orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| appendages or accessory structures of an organ |
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Term
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Definition
| the bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves |
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Term
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Definition
6 majors, arranged in 3 pairs:
superior and inferior oblique
superior and inferior rectus
lateral and medial rectus |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of both eyes working together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where the eyelids meet nearest the nose |
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Term
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Definition
| a vertical fold of skin on either side of the nose |
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Term
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Definition
| where the eyelids meet farthest from the nose |
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Term
tarsus
(tarsal plate,
pl. tarsi) |
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Definition
| the framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides the necessary stiffness and shape |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| prevent foreign matter from reaching the eyes |
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Term
conjunctiva
(pl. conjunctivae) |
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Definition
| the transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid; continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball |
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Term
lacrimal apparatus
(tear apparatus) |
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Definition
| consists of the structures that produce, store, and remove tears |
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Term
|
Definition
| secrete lacrimal fluid; located on the underside of the upper eyelid just above the outer corner of each eye |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| function is to maintain moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of a duct at the inner corner of each eye; these ducts collect tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| an enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct |
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Term
lacrimal duct
(nasolacrimal duct) |
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Definition
| the passageway that drains excess tears into the nose |
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Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to the eye or sight |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| maintains the shape of the eye and protects the inner layers; forms the outer layer of the eye except for the part covered by the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| white of eye (also means hard) |
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Term
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Definition
| the opaque middle layer of the eyeball that provides the blood supply for the entire eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the innermost layer, lines the posterior segment of the eye; receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain via the optic nerve (aka the second cranial nerve) |
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Term
| anterior segment (eyeball) |
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Definition
| makes up the front 1/3 of the eyeball; divided into anterior and posterior chambers |
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Term
| anterior chamber (of anterior segment of eyeball) |
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Definition
| located behind the cornea and in front of the iris |
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Term
| posterior chamber (of anterior segment of eyeball) |
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Definition
| located behind the iris and in front of the ligaments holding the lens in place |
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Term
aqueous fluid
(aqueous humor) |
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Definition
| helps eye maintain its shape and nourishes the intraocular structures |
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Term
| trabecular meshwork and the canal of Schlemm |
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Definition
| constantly filter and drain the aqueous fluid |
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Term
| intraocular pressure (IOP) |
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Definition
| the measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye, regulated by the rate at which aqueous fluid enters and leaves the eye |
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Term
| posterior segment (eyeball) |
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Definition
| makes up the remaining 2/3 of the eyeball; lined with the retina and filled with vitreous gel |
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Term
vitreous gel
(vitreous humor) |
|
Definition
| soft, clear, jelly-like mass that contains millions of fibers that help the eye maintain its shape |
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Term
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Definition
| black and white receptors of retina |
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Term
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Definition
| color receptors of retina |
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Term
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Definition
| clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina; area of sharpest vision |
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Term
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Definition
| pit in the middle of the macula; contains a high concentration of cones and no rods |
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Term
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Definition
| small region of eye where nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve; does not contain any rods or cones to convert images into impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits impulses from retina to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the pigmented layer of the eye; consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris |
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Term
|
Definition
| located within the choroid; set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine focus of light rays on the retina. Also produces the aqueous fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| the colored muscular layer of the eye that surrounds the pupil; controls the amount of light allowed to enter through the pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| the transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil; primary structure focusing light rays entering the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the black circular opening in the center of the iris; allows light to enter the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina; located behind the iris and pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of the eyes adjusting for seeing objects at various distances |
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Term
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Definition
| the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes towards each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
refraction
(refractive power) |
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Definition
| the ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eyes and vision |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed |
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Term
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Definition
| drooping of the upper eyelid usually due to paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| localized swelling inside the eyelid due to an obstructed sebaceous gland |
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Term
|
Definition
| the eversion of the edge of an eyelid, usually the lower |
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Term
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Definition
| the inversion of the edge of an eyelid, usually the lower |
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Term
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Definition
| a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland |
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Term
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Definition
| swelling around the eye or eyes |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the conjunctiva that is usually caused by an infection or allergy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| subconjunctival hemorrhage |
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Definition
| bleeding between the conjunctiva and sclera |
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Term
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Definition
| drying of the eye surfaces including the conjunctiva |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the uveal tract affecting primarily structures in the front of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a benign growth on the cornea that can become large enough to distort vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the sclera; usually associated with infections, chemical injuries, or autoimmune diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| an adhesion that binds the iris to an adjacent structure such as the lens or cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity |
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Term
|
Definition
Pupils are
Equal,
Round,
Responsive to
Light and
Accommodation |
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Term
retinal detachment
(detached retina) |
|
Definition
| retina is pulled away from its attachment to the choroid in the back of the eye |
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Term
floaters
(vitreous floaters) |
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Definition
| particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous fluid and cast shadows on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball |
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Term
|
Definition
| swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point entrance into the eye through the optic disk; caused by increased intracranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a hole develops in the retina as it is pulled away from its normal position |
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Term
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Definition
| a progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs as aging causes the vitreous gel to slowly shrink. with this shrinkage the fibers within the gel pull on the retinal surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that cause damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve; caused by a blockage in the flow of fluid out of the eye |
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Term
open-angle glaucoma
(chronic glaucoma) |
|
Definition
| most common form; the trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked |
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Term
closed-angle glaucoma
(acute glaucoma) |
|
Definition
| the opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork; sudden increase in pressure produces severe pain, nausea, red eye and blurred vision. blindness can occur in as little as 2 days |
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Term
|
Definition
| a gradually progressive condition in which the macula is damaged, causing the loss of central vision but not total blindness |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| age-related macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| occurs most frequently in older people; leading cause of legal blindness in those over age 60 |
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Term
| dry type macular degeneration |
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Definition
| accounts for 90% of cases; caused by the deterioration of the cells of the macula |
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Term
| wet type macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| caused by the formation of new blood vessels that produce small hemorrhages, damaging the macula |
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Term
|
Definition
| the perception of two images of a single object; sometimes a symptom of a serious underlying disorder such as multiple sclerosis or a brain tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a blindness in one half of the visual field |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
monochromatism
(color blindness) |
|
Definition
| the inability to distinguish colors |
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Term
nyctalopia
(night blindness) |
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Definition
| condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly b/c the eye muscles are unable to focus together |
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Term
|
Definition
| strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other |
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Term
|
Definition
| a focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina |
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Term
|
Definition
| any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| condition in which the eye does not focus properly due to uneven curvatures of the cornea |
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Term
hyperopia
(farsightedness) |
|
Definition
| defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina |
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Term
|
Definition
| defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the point at which, under law, a person is considered blind |
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Term
|
Definition
| a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal area of absent or depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to measure visual acuity |
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Term
|
Definition
| an examination procedure to determine an eye's refractive error |
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Term
|
Definition
| the unit of measurement of a lens' refractive power |
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Term
ophthalmoscopy
(funduscopy) |
|
Definition
| the visual examination of the fundus (back part) of the eye with an ophthalmoscope |
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Term
|
Definition
| the artificial enlargement of the pupil through the use of mydriatic drops |
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Term
|
Definition
| medicated drops placed into the eyes that produce temporary paralysis, which forces the pupils to remain dilated |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to examine the structures at the front of the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| the measurement of intraocular pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye; causes corneal abrasions to appear bright green |
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Term
|
Definition
| a radiographic study of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of the contrast medium |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to determine whether there is proper circulation in the retinal vessels |
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Term
visual field testing
(perimetry) |
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Definition
| performed to determine losses in peripheral vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurring away from the center |
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Term
|
Definition
| a surgical incision into the orbit |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids; performed to protect the eye when the lids are paralyzed and unable to close normally |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the surgical repair the conjunctiva |
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Term
corneal transplant
(keratoplasty) |
|
Definition
| the surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor |
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Term
|
Definition
| the surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris; performed to treat closed-angle glaucoma |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
ocular prosthesis
(artificial eye) |
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Definition
| may be fitted to wear over a malformed eye or to replace an eyeball |
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Term
|
Definition
| a surgical procedure to treat myopia; improves distance vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| the removal of the vitreous fluid and its replacement with a clear solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract |
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Term
|
Definition
| a surgically implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| an eye in which the natural lens has been replaced with an intraocular lens |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| used for myopia (nearsightedness) |
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Term
|
Definition
| used for hyperopia (farsightedness) |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris; performed to treat closed-angle glaucoma |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to treat open-angle glaucoma |
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Term
LASIK
(Laser-Assisted in SItu Keratomileusis) |
|
Definition
| used to treat vision conditions that are caused by the shape of the cornea by changing the shape of a deep corneal layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of lasers to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to the sense of hearing |
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Term
|
Definition
| hearing, sense of hearing |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| relating to sound or hearing |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| external portion of the ear; catches sound waves and transmits them into the external auditory canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmits sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) of the middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| secreted by cecruminous glands that line the auditory canal; prevents small insects, bacteria, dust and debris from entering the middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| located between the outer ear and inner ear; transmits sounds across this space |
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|
Term
tympanic membrane
(ear drum) |
|
Definition
| located between the outer and middle ear; transmits the sound by vibrating |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| surround the middle ear; are hollow air spaces located in the mastoid process |
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Term
|
Definition
three small bones found in middle ear; transmit the sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear by vibration. Bones named for their shape:
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup) |
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|
Term
eustachian tubes
(auditory tubes) |
|
Definition
| narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and throat; equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with that of the outside atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance |
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Term
|
Definition
| located under the base of the stapes; membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear. vibrations enter through this structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| the snail-shaped fluid-filled structure that forms the inner ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it |
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Term
|
Definition
| receives vibrations from the cochlear duct and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain the liquid endolymph and sensitive hair-like cells. the bending of these cells sets up impulses in nerve fibers to help maintain equilibrium |
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Term
acoustic nerves
(cranial nerve VIII) |
|
Definition
| transmits information from the semicircular canals to the brain, which sends messages to muscles in all parts of the body to ensure equilibrium is maintained |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process by which sound waves enter the ear through the pinna, then travel down the external auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane between the outer and middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs as the eardrum vibrates and moves the auditory ossicles; these bones conduct the sound waves through the middle ear to the oval window |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when sound vibrations reach the inner ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| specializes in the measurement of hearing function and in the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments |
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Term
|
Definition
| an accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any inflammation of the ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the external auditory canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the inner ear |
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Term
otomycosis
(swimmer's ear) |
|
Definition
| fungal infection of the external auditory canal |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure-related discomfort; can be caused by flying, driving in the mountains, scuba diving, or when the eustachian tube is blocked |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the eustachian tube |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of any part of the mastoid bone cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum; associated with a middle ear infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear, resulting in a conductive hearing loss; treated with a stapedectomy |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distention of the eustachian tube |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| usually associated with an upper respiratory infection, most commonly seen in young children; can lead to a ruptured eardrum due to buildup of pus or fluid in the middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis media or be caused by an obstruction of the eustachian tube |
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|
Term
| acute purulent otitis media |
|
Definition
| a buildup of pus with in the middle ear due to infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| producing or containing pus |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sense of whirling, dizziness, and loss of balance, that is often combined with nausea and vomiting; recurrent vertigo is sometimes associated with inner ear problems such as Meniere's syndrome |
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Term
|
Definition
| a rare chronic disease in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss and tinnitus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears |
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Term
|
Definition
| complete or partial loss of the ability of hear |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid filled inner ear |
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|
Term
sensorineural hearing loss
(nerve deafness) |
|
Definition
| develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged; source of this loss can be in the inner ear, the nerve from inner ear to brain, or in the brain |
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|
Term
noise-induced hearing loss
(NIHL) |
|
Definition
| type of nerve deafness caused by repeated exposure to extremely loud noises |
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|
Term
audiological evaluation
(speech audiometry) |
|
Definition
| the measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness; resulting graph is an audiogram |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of an audiometer to measure hearing activity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| electronic device that produces acoustic stimuli of a set frequency and intensity |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is |
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Term
|
Definition
| measurement of the loudness of sound |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| used to examine the external ear canal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear; resulting record is a tympanogram |
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Term
|
Definition
| the surgical repair of the pinna of the ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| the surgical removal of mastoid cells; used to treat mastoiditis that cannot be controlled with antibiotics or in preparation of a cochlear implant |
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Term
|
Definition
| surgical incision in the eardrum to create an opening for the placement of tympanostomy tubes |
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|
Term
tympanostomy tubes
(pediatric ear tubes) |
|
Definition
| tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and relieve pressure that can build up after ear infections |
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Term
|
Definition
| surgical correction of a damaged middle ear |
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| surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the insertion of a small prosthetic device known as a piston that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear |
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| surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore hearing |
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| an external electronic device that uses a microphone to detect sounds |
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| the surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth; performed to relieve uncontrolled vertigo, however causes complete hearing loss in affected ear |
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| surgical incision between two of the fluid chambers of the labyrinth to allow the pressure to equalize; performed to relieve severe vertigo |
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| an implanted electronic device that can give a deaf person a useful auditory understanding of the environment and/or hearing and help them to understand speech |
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