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| Coordinates and controls body function, receives sensory input, makes decisions, and orders body responses |
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| Brain and spinal cord are the part of this system. |
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| Central nervous system (CNS) |
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| Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of this system. |
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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| Individual nerve cells that are capable of conducting electrical impulses. |
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| Dendrites-highly branched projections that receive impulses, nerve cell body contains nucleus & organelles, and axon conducts electrical impulse to destination. |
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| Point where axon of one neuron meets dendrite of second neuron |
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| Gap between two neurons in a synapse and electrical impulse cannot cross. |
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| Chemical released by axon and crosses gap to stimulate dendrite of second neuron. |
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| Bundles of nerve fibers interconnecting different parts of CNS are called |
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| Receives impulses from all over body, processes this information and responds with action. |
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| Comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies and dendrites |
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| Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, and brain stem |
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| Largest section and upper portion |
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| Processes: Thoughts, Judgment, Memory, Association skills, and Ability to discriminate between items |
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| Outer layer of cerebrum and composed of folds of gray matter |
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| Elevated portions of the cerebrum, or convolutions |
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| Fissures, or valleys, between gyri |
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| Cerebrum subdivided into left and right halves. |
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| Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal lobes |
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| Most anterior lobe, controls motor function, personality, and speech |
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| Most superior portion, receives and interprets nerve impulses, and interprets language |
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| Most posterior and controls vision |
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| Left and right lateral portion and controls hearing and smell |
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| Located below cerebrum and contains two most critical areas of brain. |
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| Thalamus and Hypothalamus are part of ___. |
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| Center for relaying impulses from eyes, ears, and skin to cerebrum and controls perception of pain |
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| Controls body temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotions plus controls autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, and release of hormones from pituitary gland |
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| Second largest portion of brain, located beneath posterior of cerebrum, aids in coordinating voluntary body movements, maintaining balance and equilibrium, and refines muscular movements initiated in cerebrum |
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| Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla oblongata make up the ___. |
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| Acts as pathway for impulses between brain and spinal cord |
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| Means bridge and connects cerebellum to rest of brain |
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| Most inferior portion of brain and connects brain to spinal cord |
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| Cavities containing (CSF) |
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| Watery, clear fluid and provides protections for CNS |
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| One in each cerebral hemisphere, one in thalamus, and one in front of cerebellum |
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| Extends from Medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra |
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| 33 vertebrae of back bone |
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| Called spinal cavity or vertebral canal |
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| Protected by cerebrospinal fluid which flows through central canal down through spinal cord |
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| Outer portion of spinal cord |
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| Carry sensory information up to brain |
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| Carry motor commands down from brain to peripheral nerve |
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| Protective membrane sac, encases entire CNS, and consists of three layers |
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| Means tough mother and outermost, tough, fibrous sac around CNS |
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| Empty space between dura mater and arachnoid layer |
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| Means spider-like and thin, delicate layer attached to pia mater by web-like filaments |
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| Between arachnoid layer and pia mater and contains cerebrospinal fluid |
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| Means soft mother, innermost membrane layer and applied directly to surface of brain |
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| Consists of 12 pairs of crainal nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| Split off from spinal cord and one pair (left and right) exit between each pair of vertebrae |
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| Is a bundle of axon fibers located outside CNS and carries messages between CNS and various parts of body |
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| Point where nerve is attached to CNS |
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| Organ the nerve serves and portion of body the nerve is traveling through |
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| Names of most nerves reflect |
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| Controls eye muscles and pupil of eye |
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| Controls oblique muscles of eye |
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| Facial sensation and controls muscles for chewing |
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| Controls eyeball muscles to turn eye to side |
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| Controls facial muscles for expression, salivation, and taste on two-thirds of tongue (anterior) |
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| VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerves |
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| Sense of equilibrium and hearing |
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| IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerves |
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| Sensation from pharynx and taste on one-third of tongue |
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| Supplies most organs in abdominal and thoracic cavities |
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| Controls neck and shoulder muscles |
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| Carries sensory information from sensory receptor to CNS. Also called sensory neurons. |
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| Carries activity instructions from CNS to muscles or glands. Also called motor neurons. |
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| Control of involuntary or unconscious bodily functions. It may increase or decrease the activity of smooth muscle found in viscera and blood vessels, cardiac muscle of heart, and glands. |
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| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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| Sympathetic branch and Parasympathetic branch |
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| Stimulates body in times of stress and crisis (fight or flight). Increases heart rate, dilates airways, increases blood pressure, inhibits digestion, and stimulates production of adrenaline |
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| Serves as counterbalance for sympathetic nerves, causes heart rate to slow down, lowers blood pressure, and stimulates digestion (rest and digest) |
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| Mainly involved with conscious and voluntary activities of body, Carries information sensory receptors of skin (touch, temperature, pressure, and pain) and carries motor commands to skeletal muscles |
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| inflammation of cerebellum |
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| pertaining to cerebrum and spine |
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| pertaining to cerebrum and spine |
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| electro/o (electroencephalogram) |
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| record of brain electricity |
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| -gram (electroencephalogram) |
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| record of brain electricity |
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| inflammation of many nerves |
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| inflammation of many nerves |
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| inflammation of spinal cord |
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| pertaining to inside meninges |
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| pertaining to inside meninges |
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| the use of anesthesia for surgical procedures, resuscitation, and pain management |
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| diagnosis and treatment of disease of nervous system |
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| treating nervous system disease by surgical means |
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| sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure or migraine; such as seeing colors |
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| alternating between strong involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations |
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| sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms; such as epileptic seizure |
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| seizure in only one limb or body part |
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| awake and aware of surrounding |
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| unaware of surroundings; unable to respond to stimuli |
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| state of profound unconsciousness |
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| abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling |
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| involuntary repetitive alternating movements |
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| confusion, disorientation, and agitation |
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| impaired intellectual function |
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| weakness on one side of body |
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| temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement |
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| paralysis on one side of body |
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| paralysis of lower portion of body |
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| loss of ability to control movements |
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| disorder characterized by progressive dementia, disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory |
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| malignant tumor originating in astrocytes, a neuroglial cell |
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| intracranial mass; may be malignant or benign; dangerous because occupies space |
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| ballooning of cerebral artery; may cause stroke |
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| bruising of brain from impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hrs; include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupils |
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| brain injury from impact; symptoms last less than 24 hrs |
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| brain damage results from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth |
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| seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain |
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| epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms; formerly called grand mal |
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| epileptic seizure characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity; formerly called petit mal |
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| accumulation of cerebropinal fluid within brain ventricles |
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| chronic disorder of brain with tremors, weakness, muscle rigidity, and shuffling gait |
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| acute encephalopathy and organ damage; follows viral infection and associated with taking aspirin |
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| degeneration of motor neurons of spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig's disease |
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
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| viral infection affecting spinal cord; paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent |
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| damage to spinal cord due to trauma; may be bruised and recover or severed and permanent |
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| congenital defect where lamina of vertebra do not meet or close to form spinal canal |
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| protrusion of meninges sac through opening left by spina bifida defect |
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| protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through opening left spina bifida defect |
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| one-sided facial paralysis due inflammation of facial nerve caused by virus |
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| temporary loss of myelin sheath; may be autoimmune; starts in legs and progresses up nervous system |
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| loss of myelin sheath; results in weakness and numbness |
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| muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at synapses |
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| eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus |
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| examination of CSF; may detect infections and blood in the fluid |
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis |
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| image of brain after injection of radioactive isotopes into bloodstream |
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| X-ray of cerebral blood vessels after injection of radiopaque dye |
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| ultrasound image of brain |
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| X-ray of spinal cord after injection of radiopaque dye into spinal canal |
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| use of positive radionuclides to construct an image of the brain; image reveals metabolic activity of brain areas |
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| positron emission tomography (PET) |
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| reflex test that reveals nervous system lesions; performed by stroking sole of foot |
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| records the electrical activity of brain |
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| electroencephalography (EEG) |
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| puncture to remove CSF for examination |
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| measures speed at which an impulse travels along a nerve; reveals nerve damage |
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| nerve conduction velocity |
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| anesthetic injection into nerve area to block nerve impulses on that nerve; used to treat chronic pain |
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| removes blockage of major artery in neck that carries blood to brain by removing inner lining of the artery |
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| shunt carries CSF from ventricle to abdominal cavity; treats hydrocephalus |
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| cerebrospinal fluid shunt |
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| removes part of vertebra; relieves pressure on spinal nerve |
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| surgical cut of nerve tract; treats severe chronic pain |
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| treats minor to moderate pain, non-narcotic (Tylenol, Aleve) |
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| produces loss of sensation or consciousness (Xylocaine, Novocain) |
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| reduces nerve excitability to prevent seizures (Tegretol, Nembutal) |
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| treats Parkinson's disease (L-dopa, Sinemet) |
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| promotes sleep (Seconal, Restoril) |
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| treats severe pain (OxyContin, Demerol) |
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| calming or relaxing effect (Amytal, Butisol) |
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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| positron emission tomography |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| transient ischemic attach |
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| mass of blood in space outside dura mater |
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| mass of blood forming inside subdural space; due to torn meningeal blood vessel; space occupying lesion |
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