Term
| What are number of carbons for : cholesterol, androgens, progestins, estrogens? |
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Definition
C27: Cholesterol
C21: progestins
C19: androgens
C18: estrogens |
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Term
| what class of molecules is pregnenolone an example of ? |
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Definition
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Term
identify the associations of the following with the androgen receptor:
testosterone, test cypionate, flutamide, dihydrotestosterone, finasteride |
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Definition
| test activates AR, cypionate is longer-lived, flutamide is competitive inhibitor, DHT is more potent activator, finasteride blocks T->DHT (no AR action) |
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Term
| What is finasteride/propecia used for? |
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Definition
| Stopping DHT-driven male-pattern baldness |
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Term
| what does tamoxifen bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the biochemical basis for AIS |
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Definition
| Androgen insensitivity syndrome is caused by a mutation in the androgen receptor |
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Term
| What converts Testosterone to DHT? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect on male phenotype if there's no 5a-reductase? |
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Definition
| ambiguous genitalia - loss of most active form of testosterone, gain of estrogens (aromatase works on testosterone but not DHT) |
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Term
| Which hormones bind SHBG? CBG? |
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Definition
SHBG: androgens, estrogens
CBG: progesterone, and other sex hormones to a lesser extent |
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Term
| What are the two pools of bioavailable testosterone? |
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Definition
| SHBG-bound and albumin-bound - because albumin has fairly low affinity for testosterone |
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Term
| What hormone do activin and inhibin regulate by feedback? What secretes activin and inihibin? |
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Definition
| Sertoli cells make inhibin, anterior pituitary makes activin; both have effects on FSH. |
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Term
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Definition
| A glycoprotein that lowers semen viscosity, allowing for sperm motility - also used as a test for prostate cancer (not technically an antigen) |
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Term
| What sort of drug could limit prostate growth? |
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Definition
| a drug that blocks 5a-reductase |
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Term
| What are the names of the glandular structures in the prostate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What zone (not lobe) of the prostate has the most cancer risk? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis? |
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Definition
| Spermatogenesis is the formation of spermatids (seminiferous tubules). Spermiogenesis is the formation of sperm (epidymal)- the almost fully mature type that is ejaculated.q1 |
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Term
| What is the division that causes spermatagonia -> 1ary spermatocytes? (mitosis, meiosis I,II?) |
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Definition
| mitosis - its merely prolifferentiation of gamete-commited type B spermatogonia |
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Term
| What is the difference between spermatids and spermatogonia? |
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Definition
| Spermatids are still connected by cytoplasmic bridges |
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Term
| What hormone do sertoli and leydig cells produce, and what are their effects on embryogenesis? |
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Definition
| Anti-mullerian hormone from sertoli cells causes mullerian duct degeneration, testosterone from leydig cells causes wolffian duct retention |
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Term
| what does FSH do to sertoli cells? |
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Definition
| testes size, sperm production, ABG production, aromatase production |
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Term
How in what state are eggs at birth?
Why don't they develop further? |
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Definition
| They're arrested in late prophase I, surrounded by a primordial layer of follicular cells. The cells secrete oocyte maturation inhibitor. |
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Term
| What is the name of the outer layer of the ovaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells in the ovary produce estrogens? Androgens? |
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Definition
| 1) interstitial cells -> E2 2) Hilus cells -> androgens |
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Term
| What do follicles need to develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a cumulus oophorus? |
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Definition
| A bridge, made of granulosa cells, between the egg and the rest of the granulosa cells. Found in a 2ndary (antral) follicle |
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Term
| what is the corona radiata? |
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Definition
| The cumulus oophorus cells surrounding the oocyte |
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Term
| Which receptor determines which follicle becomes dominant? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cells make estrogen in the follicular stage of a dominant follicle? |
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Definition
| Theca interna cells make androgens, granulosas convert to E2 |
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Term
| What is the direct signal for ovulation? Which enzymes physically cause ovulation? |
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Definition
| Prostaglandins (in response to LH) cause the ovulation, which is mediated by proteases and colleginases |
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Term
| What is the zona pellucida made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells make steroids in the luteal stage of a follicle? |
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Definition
| Both theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells - but the granulosa cells make the majority of the E2 and P. |
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Term
| How does the corpus luteum suppress pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Its P and E2 secretions inhibit (feedback-wise) LH and FSH (reminder : it also produces inhibin). |
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Term
What is the signal that causes corpus luteum degeneration?
What keeps it intact during pregnancy? |
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Definition
1) decreasing FSH, LH (because of P, E2 feedback)
2) HCG from the embryotrophoblasts (reminder: same alpha subunity as LH) |
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Term
| In the female cycle, which cells produce inhibin to inhibit which hormone secretion when? |
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Definition
| Granulosa lutein cells produce inhibin to inhibit FSH secretion during the luteal phase of the cycle. |
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Term
| What is the normal site of fertilization for an egg? |
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Definition
| the ampulla of the uterine tubes |
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Term
| Which hormones affect the cells of the uterine tubes? |
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Definition
| Progesterone causes peg (secreting) cells to proliferate; estrogen causes ciliated cells to proliferate. (Note that estrogen also causes higher/more active peg cells) |
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Term
| What are the layers of the uterine tubes? |
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Definition
| Muscularis (outer long, inner circ), Mucosa ( highly folded - epithelium + CT) |
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Term
| What are the layers of the uterus? Cell types in epithelium? |
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Definition
| Myometrium (inner long/outer circ [poor definition]), endometrium ( CELLULAR submucosa, mucosa). Epithelium has both ciliated and secretory cells. Perimetrium - serosa/adventitia (depending on where it is!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ectopic endometrial tissue - most common in ovaries |
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Term
| what hormone causes myometrium growth during pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| During which years is a pap smear diagnostic for cervical dysplasia? |
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Definition
| During the reproductive years. In the non-reproductive years, the transitional zone is inside the cervical os. |
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Term
| What is the name for the nuclei seen in normal pap smear cells? |
|
Definition
| pyknotic - small and darkly staining (apoptotic) |
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Term
| why is the vagina acidic? |
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Definition
| Sloughed cells have glycogen stores, which feed lactic acid-fermenting commensal bacteria |
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Term
| What is the location of capacitation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the acrosome reaction? |
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Definition
| The sperm head releases enzymes that digest the zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
| what is the perivitelline space? |
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Definition
| The space between the oocyte and the zona pellucida |
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Term
| what is the name and mechanism of the way oocytes prevent polyspermia? |
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Definition
| the cortical reaction - cortical granules are released following ZP3-induced Ca++ influx. These hydrolyze ZP3 receptors, preventing other sperm from binding. |
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Term
| when does an oocyte undergo meiosis I and II? |
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Definition
| meiosis I almost immediately before ovulation (reminder: 1ary oocyte is in a 2ndary follicle for most of the follicle's duration) meiosis II is after fertilization |
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Term
| Where do the polar bodies reside in an oocyte/zygote? |
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Definition
| in the paravitelline space |
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Term
| What is the effect of hCG on the embryo? |
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Definition
| In the male, it binds to leydig cell LH receptors, stimulating them to make testosterone for Sertoli cell use (AMH), Wolffian duct retention, and external genitalia development (if 5a-reductase is present) |
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Term
| what prevents early labor? |
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Definition
| progesterone (from corpus luteum of pregnancy, stimulated by hCG) |
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Term
| name effects of pregnancy estrogen levels on mother. |
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Definition
1) myometrium growth
2) breast PL insensitivity
3) breast duct growth |
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Term
What are the estrogens/sources that dominate before week 8?
Estrogens/ sources after week 8? |
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Definition
1) E2 from corpus luteum
2) E3 . DHEA from liver, adrenal glands is converted to E3 by syncytiotrophoblast |
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Term
| what is the physiologic barrier that is the basis of the blood-testes barrier |
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Definition
| the junctional complexes between adjacent sertoli cells |
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Term
| what are the layers of the ovary covering? |
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Definition
interior - tunica albuginea
exterior - germinal layer (cuboidal or squamous epithelium) |
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