Term
| The liver is the _______ organ in the body, constituting about _______ of an adult's body weight. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver receives _______ of the cardiac output viat the _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| 25%; Hepatic Portal Vein; Hepatic Artery |
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Term
| The liver plays an important role in _______. |
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Definition
| Maintaining blood glucose levels |
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Term
| The liver also regulates the circulating blood lipids by the amount of _______ it secretes. |
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Definition
| Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDLs) |
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Term
| The liver takes up numerous _______ and _______ from the portal circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The bile canaliculus is usually lined by _______ and is separated from the pericellular space by _______. |
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Definition
| Two hepatocytes; Tight Junctions |
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Term
| The tight junctions prevent the mixin gof contents between the ________ and the _______. |
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Definition
| Bile canaliculus; Pericellular space |
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Term
| The arrangement of hepatocytes along liver sinusoids Aids the _______ of molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Perisinusoidal space is also known as the _______, and is separated from the sinusoid by a layer of _______. |
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Definition
| Space of Disse; Sinusoidal endothelial cells |
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Term
| Endothelial cells of the liver lack _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Liver endothelial cells have _______ plates that permit the ready exchange of materials between the perisinusoidal space and the sinusoid. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ line hepatic sinusoids, these are resident _______ of the fixed ________ system that play an extremely important role in removing unwanted material. |
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Definition
| Kupffer Cells; Macrophages; Monocyte-macrophage |
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Term
| Some perisinusoidal cells contain distinct _______ in the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
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Term
| The fat-storage cell are called _______ or _______ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver receives venous blood through _______ and arterial blood through _______. |
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Definition
| The Portal Vein; The Hepatic Artery |
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Term
| The lipid droplets inthe stellate or Ito cells contain _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ provides about 70 to 80% of the liver's blood supply, and the _______ provides the rest. |
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Definition
| Hepatic portal vein; Hepatic artery |
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Term
| Increased resistance to portal blood flow results in _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Portal Hypertension is the most common complication of _______, and accounts for a large percentage of the morbidity and mortality associated with _______. |
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Definition
| Chronic liver disease; Chronic liver diseases |
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Term
| The hepatic lymphatic system is present in three main areas: _______ to the central veins; _______ to the portal veins and coursing along the hepatic artery. |
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Definition
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Term
| Disturbances in the balance of filtration and drainage in the liver lymphatic system are the primary causes of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the solid organs the liver is the only one that can _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| There appears to be a critical ration between _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Functioning liver mass; body mass |
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Term
| _______ is a common manifestation of portal hypertension. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hepatocytes play an extremely important role in the _______ and _______, compounds that are foreign to the body and some of which are toxic. |
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Definition
| Metabolism of drugs; Xenobiotics |
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Term
| The enzyme systems in phase I and phase II are _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver is pivotal in regulating the metabolism of _______, _______, and _______. |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates; Lipids; Proteins |
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Term
| Most water-soluble nutrients and vitamins absorbed from the _______ are transported via the _______ to the liver. |
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Definition
| Small Intestine; Portal blood |
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Term
| The nutrients transported in portal blood include _______, _______, and _______. |
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Definition
| Amino Acids; Monosaccharides; Fatty acids |
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Term
| The liver is important in _______ metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver is extremely important in maintaining an adequate supply of nutrients for _______ and regulating _______. |
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Definition
| Cell metabolism; Blood glucose concentration |
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Term
| UDP-glucose can be used fro glycogen synthesis or ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the main carbohydrate store in the liver, and may amount to as much as 7 to 10% of the weight of a normal healthy liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| During fasting glycogen is broken down by _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Both Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis are _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin tends to _______ blood glucose by stimulating _______ and suppressing _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Lower;glycogenesis;Glycogenolysis; Gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| Galactose is an important sugar used not only to provide energy but also to in the biosynthesis of _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins; Glycolipids |
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Term
| _______ is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as fat, amino acids, and lactate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gluconeogenesis is energy _______ and the starting substrate is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gluconeogenesis is important in maintaining blood blucose concentrations especially during _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver plays a pivotal role in _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver takes up _______ and _______ from the plasma. |
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Definition
| Free fatty acids; Lipoproteins |
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Term
| During fasting, fatty acids are mobilized from _______ and taken up by the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| The four majour classes of circulating plasma lipoproteins are _______, _______, _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Chylomicrons; VLDLs; LDLs; HDLs |
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Term
| _______ are the lightest of the four lipoprotein classes, anre are made only by the small intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chylomicrons are produced in large quantities during _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver synthesizes about 10 times more _______ than the small intesine. |
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Definition
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Term
| VLDLs are associated with an important class of proteins the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In _______, apo B synthesis and therefore the secretio nof VLDLs is blocked, and therefore the secretion of VLDLs is blocked |
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Definition
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Term
| Large lipid droplets can be seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The importance of the liver in lipoprotein metabolism is exemplified by _______, a disorder in which the liver fails to produce the LDL receptor. |
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Definition
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
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Term
| The level of ketone bodies circulating in the blood is usually _______, but during prolonged starvation and in diabetes mellitus it is _______, a condition known as _______. |
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Definition
| Low; Highly elevated; Ketosis |
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Term
| Most organs _______ the liver can use ketone bodies as fuel. |
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Definition
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Term
| The two ketone bodies are _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Acetoacetate; Beta-hydroxybutyrate |
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Term
| The liver plays an important role in cholesterol _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver is one of the majour organs involved in synthesizing _______ from the essential amino acids. |
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Definition
| Non-essential amino acids |
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Term
| The liver synthesizes many of the circulating plasma proteins, _______ being the most important. |
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Definition
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Term
| Albumin plays an important role in _______ and tissue fluid balance by maintaining _______ of plasma. |
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Definition
| Preserving plasma volume; Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
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Term
| The liver has an _______ 10 times higher than the plasma _______ level. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver synthesizes most of the _______ in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ amino acids must be supplied in the diet. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ and _______ play an important role in the biosynthesis of certain amino acids in the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glutamine plays an important role in the _______ and _______ of ammonia in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Another important role of th eliver the _______ and _______ of fat-soluble vitamins and iron. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the known clotting-factors and _______ are secreted by hepatocytes, some of the exclusively. |
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Definition
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Term
| The vitamin K dependent clotting factors are _______, _______, _______ and _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| II; VII; IX; X; Proteins C and S |
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Term
| The monocyte-macrophage system of the liver, predominantly _______, is an important system for clearing _______ and factor-inhibitor complexes. |
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Definition
| Kupffer Cells; Clotting Factors |
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Term
| The liver plays a pivotal role in the uptake, storage and maintenance of circulating plasma _______ levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| When plasma Vitamin A levels fall, the liver mobilzes the vitamin A store by hydrolyzing the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver is responsible for the _______ of vitamin D. |
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Definition
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Term
| The circulating plasma transferrin levels is _______ proportional to the _______ of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ the concentration of Ferritin in the hepatocyte, the _______ the rate of transferrin synthesis. |
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Definition
| Higher; Lower or vice-versa |
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Term
| _______ binds free hemoglobin in the blood, and the _______ is reapidly removed by the liver conserving iron in the body. |
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Definition
| Haptoglobin; Haptoglobin-Hemoglobin complex |
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Term
| _______ is another protein synthesized by the liver that is involved in the transport of free HEME in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Recent studies suggest that _______ are the majour sites of long-term iron storage. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver is also a majour site of conversion of the _______ hormone _______ to the biologically active more potent hormone _______. |
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Definition
| Thyroid; Thyroxine (T4); Triiodothyronine (T3) |
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Term
| The liver modifies the function of _______ secreted by the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver helps to _______ and _______ many circulating hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin is degraded in many organs, but the _______ and _______ are by far most important. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucagon and growth hormone are degraded mainly by _______ and _______. |
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Definition
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