Term
| What are the 3 common diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract? |
|
Definition
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia |
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Term
| What are the 3 viral pathogens that cause Bronchitis? |
|
Definition
Coronaviruses
Adenoviruses
Influenza viruses |
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Term
| What is the bacterial pathogen which causes bronchitis? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Bronchitis? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What kind of treatment is available for Viral bronchitis? Bacterial? |
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Definition
Bronchitis caused by viruses can only be treated symptomatically
Bronchitis caused by bacteria (Mycoplasma Pneumoniae) is treated with Macrolides like erythromycin, or tetracyclines (but not in children or pregnant women). |
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Term
| What type of pathogen causes bronchiolitis? What is it's name? |
|
Definition
Virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
|
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Term
| Who suffers from bronchiolitis and what are the signs and symptoms? |
|
Definition
Infants <2 years old
Cough
Difficulty Breathing
Cyanosis
Fever |
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Term
| What is the treatment for bronchiolitis? |
|
Definition
Hospitalization with O2 support
fluids and electrolytes
maybe ribavarin |
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|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia? |
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Definition
| Fatigue, malaise, fever, cough, chest pain during breathing, shortness of breath, rales (crackling sounds while breathing), and shadows on a chest x-ray. |
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Term
| When does treatment for pneumonia begin? What is the treatment for Pneumonia? |
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Definition
| Treatment begins before lab tests confirm what pathogen is causing it. It is treated with ampicillin and erythromycin at the same time, but is altered after the pathogen has been identified. |
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Term
| What does ampicillin treat? What does erythromycin treat? |
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Definition
| Ampicillin treats gram positive bacterial infections, while erythromycin treats infections of gram negative bacteria as well as any walless pathogen. |
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Term
| What are the viral pathogens which can cause pneumonia? |
|
Definition
Parainfluenza viruses
Adenoviruses
Influenza A
Measles Virus |
|
|
Term
| What is the fungal pathogen which can cause pneumonia? Who can catch this pathogen? |
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Definition
Pneumocytis Jirovecii
Immunocomrpomised individuals |
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|
Term
| What bacterial pathogens can cause pneumonia in non-predisposed individuals? |
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Definition
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Chalmydia Pneumoniae |
|
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Term
| What bacterial agents can cause pneumonia in predisposed individuals based on occupation? What are these occupational factors? |
|
Definition
Legionella Pneumophillia (water cooled air conditioners)
Bacillus anthracis (Wool Sorting)
Chlamydia psittaci (sick birds)
Coxiella burnetii (Farm animals)
Brucella spp (Farm animals
|
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Term
| What bacterial pneumonias infect people who have the influenza A virus? What is the disease caused by the influenza A virus' primary infection? |
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Definition
Acute Lung disease is caused by Influenza A's primary infection, leading to infection by:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus Aureus |
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|
Term
| What bacterial pneumonia infections afflict those with chronic lung disease? what diseases cause chronic lung disease? |
|
Definition
Cystic Fibrosis and COPD cause chronic lung disease which leads to pneumonia infections by:
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Staphylococcus pneumoniae |
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|
Term
| What forms of bacterial pneumonia evince themselves in the immunocompromised? Specifically what predisposes one to these pathogens? |
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Definition
Alcoholics and vagrants are predisposed to:
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Mycobaterium tuberculosis
HIV/Aids patients are predisposed to:
Mycobacterium avium
Pneumocytis jirovecii |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of staphylococcus aureus. |
|
Definition
Gram positive
Staphylococcus
common drug resistance
Coagulase positive |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
Definition
Gram negative
Rod shapped monopolar
No fermentation pathways
Oxidase positive |
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|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of Legionella Pneumophilia |
|
Definition
Gram positive
Rod Shaped
Fastideous growth |
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|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of Klebsiella Pneumoniae |
|
Definition
Gram negative enteric
Rod shaped
Ferments Lactose
Facultatively anaerobic
Highly mucoid colonies |
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|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of Pneumocytis jirovecii |
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Definition
Fungal pathogen
Identified by biopsy and light microscopy |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium Tuberculosis |
|
Definition
Acit fast bacteria
Rod shaped
Forms cords in sputum
Increasing problem of drug resistance |
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Term
| Streptococcus pneumoniae is treated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia, coxiella are all treated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| staphylococcus aureus is treated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium is treated with |
|
Definition
| Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and either ethambutol or streptomyacin |
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|
Term
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa is treated with |
|
Definition
| piperacillin and tazobactum (a PA penicillinase inhibitor) |
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|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis avoids host defenses by |
|
Definition
| being enveloped by the aveolar macrophages |
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Term
| Damage: The body reacts to Mycobacterium tuberculosis by ______ |
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Definition
| Containing the organism within tubercles, which are small granulomas. Tubercles can block avioli and bronchioles, which eventually can overcome the immune system. |
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Term
| If the organisms are not contained, they'll spread to the rest of the body causing ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ~ __% of people develope TB disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Matoux tuberculin skin test |
|
Definition
| inject small amount of PPD tuberculin into surface of skin, 48-72 hours later the injection should swell with redness larger than 15mm in a healthy person |
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|
Term
| what is used to prevent TB in countries with a high rate of it? |
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Definition
| Bacillus Calmette Guérin A.k.a. BCG |
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|
Term
| The rotavirus' physical characteristics are: |
|
Definition
no envelope
Icosahedral capsid
multiple segments of dsRNA
Acid resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VP4 spike protien in outer capsid attatches to integrin proteins and sailic acid containing glycoproteins and glycolipids |
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|
Term
| Rotavirus causes damage because: |
|
Definition
| NsP4 acts as an enterotoxin, and it damages cells causing shortenning of villi causing less fluids to be absorbed. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ssRNA
polyhedral capsid
no envelope |
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|
Term
| norovirus causes damage through |
|
Definition
| it's lytic cycle, and the inflammatory response to its pressence |
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|
Term
| Method of diagnosis for norovirus: |
|
Definition
Species collection (feces or vomitus) and then Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
RT-PCR |
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|
Term
| How does MacConkey Agar work? |
|
Definition
| It contains peptone and lactose, with bile salts and a neutral red dye (turns red at ~5 ph or lower). If a pathogen is gram positive, it won't grow due to the bile salts, but if it does and thrives on peptone, then the colony will remain white, but if it ferments lactose then the colonies will turn red due to the dye. |
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Term
| Ecoli's physical characteristics: |
|
Definition
Gram negative rod
peritrichous flagella
lactose fermentation
anaerobic |
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|
Term
| Enterotoxigenic ecoli causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enterohemorhagic Ecoli causes |
|
Definition
| bloody diarrhea and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) |
|
|
Term
| Enteroinvasive ecoli causes |
|
Definition
| bloody diarrhea along with tissue disruption and inflammation |
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Term
| ELISA stands for____ and is performed by: |
|
Definition
Enzyme linked Immonoabsorbent Assay:
Creating an agar with specific antibodies in it, then exposing it to a sample, rinsing, then adding a second antibody with an enzyme attached, then rinsing again, and then using a colormetric substrate which the enzyme breaks down causing a color (if the pathogen is there that's what will happen) |
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Term
| Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a result of, and causes... |
|
Definition
| infrequent urination, causing tiredness, and losing the pink color in your cheeks and lower eyelids. People with HUS should be hospitalised because their kidneys may stop working and they might develope serious complications. |
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|
Term
| salmonella's physical characteristics: |
|
Definition
gram negative rod
motile
no lactose fermentation
H2S production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ulcers in peyers patches , causing typhoid fever |
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|
Term
| Shigella's physical characteristics: |
|
Definition
Gram negative rod
nonmotile
no lactose fermentation |
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|
Term
| Clostridium difficile's physical characeristics: |
|
Definition
gram positive rod
endospore forming
anaerobic |
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|
Term
| Clostridium difficile is found in ____ and treated with ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vibrio cholarae's physical characteristics: |
|
Definition
Gram negative curved rod
Monopolar flagellum
can live in aquatic environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rice water stools, and has a 50% mortality rate if untreated due to dehydration |
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|
Term
| Vibrio cholarae can be found in humans and... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin's physical characteristics: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus aureus is found in one's ____ and stimulates ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helicobacter pylori's physical features: |
|
Definition
curved rod
Produces Urease (breaks urea into NH3 neutralizing acids)
causitive agent of pyloric ulcers |
|
|
Term
| Enatomoeba histolytica vs Giardia lamblia vs cryptosporidium physical characteristics |
|
Definition
| Round cysts vs oval cysts vs acid fast, chlorine resistant, unfilterable |
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|
Term
| Enatomoeba histolytica vs Giardia lamblia vs cryptosporidium treatment |
|
Definition
| metronidazole vs quinacrine hydrochloride vs spiramycin (only for immunocompromised) |
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|
Term
| Describe the pathogen that causes gonorrhea |
|
Definition
Neisseria ghonorrheae
Eubacterial pathogen
Gram negative
diplococcus |
|
|
Term
| Vertical transmission of ghonorrhea can result in ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advanced symptoms of Gonorrhea are: |
|
Definition
Abdominal pain
bleeding between menstrual periods
vomiting
fever
Pelvic inflamatory disease PID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gonorrhea increases the chance of catching HIV |
|
|
Term
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is characterized by: |
|
Definition
Fever
possibly internal abscesses, long lasting pelvic pain, infertility (10%), ectopic pregnancy |
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|
Term
| Noncultural Ghonorreea is diagnosed by: |
|
Definition
PCR using gonorrheae specific primers
Gram staining pus for gram negative diplococci in leucocytes (only accurate to 50% if women) |
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|
Term
| Cultural gonorrhea is diagnosed by: |
|
Definition
Taking a sample of a cervical swap or pus
Using a thayer martin media chocolate agar with antifungal agents, anti ram positive agents and anti gram negative enterics. |
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|
Term
| penicillin resistant cases of gonorrhea are treated with... |
|
Definition
ceftriaxone IM single dose
Orally: cefixime, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin |
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|
Term
| gonorrhea can also pair with a _________ infection, and so doctors usually _________ |
|
Definition
| chlamydial; prescribe a combination of antibiotics |
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|
Term
| Describe the pathogen that causes nongonococcal urethritis |
|
Definition
chlamydia trachomatis
gram negative bacillus
obligate intracellular pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia causes damage by: |
|
Definition
| direct damage through celly lycsis and inflammatory response |
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|
Term
| __% of women and __% of men are asymptomatic of chlamydia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the course of chlamydia in symptomatic females: |
|
Definition
14 day incubation, followed by increased abnormal vaginal discharge. Strong vaginal odor, painful urination, unusual vaginal bleeding, low abdominal pain, cervix inflamation, and PID follow.
HIV risk increased by 3-5 times. |
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|
Term
| 40% of untreated women with chlamydia develope ___, and of those 40%, __% become infertile, __% experience debilitating, chronic ______ pain, and _% will have a life threatening tubal pregnancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non cultural techniques for diagnosis are: |
|
Definition
| Polymerase chain reaction with chlamydia trachomatis specific primers and the direct flourescent antibody test. |
|
|
Term
| chalmydia is treated with: |
|
Definition
Doxycycline
+
Azythromycin |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogen that causes Syphilis: |
|
Definition
Treponema palidum
Eubacterial pathogen
Gram negative
spirochete
motile |
|
|
Term
| The clinical features of primary syphilis are: |
|
Definition
| Spntaneously healing chancre sores and enlarged inguinal nodes. |
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|
Term
| The features of secondary syphilis occur ______ and include: |
|
Definition
1-3 months later;
flu like illness, myalgia, headache, fever, mucocutaneous rash (great pox), swollen lymph glands, sore throat, patchy hair loss, weight loss, muscle aches, and tiredness with spontaneous resoultion. |
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|
Term
| Tertiary syphillis occurs _____________ and manifests: |
|
Definition
3-30 years after primary infection:
neurosyphilis (insanity, cardiovascular syphilis (aortic lesions and heart failure), and gummas (multi-organ failure) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the attachment of treponema palidum: |
|
Definition
| The ends of the bacteria attach to hyaluronic acid-containing extra cellular matrix that joins capillary and endothelial cells. |
|
|
Term
| Treponema Palidum avoids host defenses by: |
|
Definition
| being rich in lipids and therefore antigenically uncreative |
|
|
Term
| The test for primary syphillis is _______________ and the test for later stages is _____________ |
|
Definition
Dark field microscopy of chancre scraping to see spirochetes;
Treonemal antigens from specimen detected using monoclonal antibodies |
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|
Term
| Treatment of syphillis is ___________ for ____ and in later stages _____________ for _____. If allergic _________ is used instead, and if pregnant ____________ |
|
Definition
Penicillin G; 7-10 days
Penicillin G; 21 days
a tetracycline; ceftriaxone |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Herpes simplex virus type II: |
|
Definition
Enveloped
polyhedral capsid
dsDNA
Large size
Form proviruses in neurons
can reactivate to cause recurrent infections (5-8/year) |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of primary herpes infection: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rare complication of herpes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dsDNA
Polyhedral capsid
Nonenveloped |
|
|
Term
| Vertical transmission of HPV causes... |
|
Definition
| juvinile onset of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) |
|
|
Term
What is the treatment of cimple cystitis? (Uncomplicated UTI)
If resistant?
If pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole orally for 3 days
quinolone or ampicillin if resistant
Drug resistance test required to see if it's pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of staphylococcus saprophyticus: |
|
Definition
Gram positive staphylococci
Found primarily in sexually active females |
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